The aim of this cross-sectional study is to determine the prevalence of congenital colour vision defects among male secondary school students in Al-Madinah Al-Munawara city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 1154 male secondary school students were selected randomly through a multi-stage sampling method. Ishihara 24-plates was used to screen for colour blindness. The overall prevalence of congenital colour vision defects was 3.3% with 1% protanopes and 2.3% deuteranopes. The prevalence of congenital colour vision defect among Saudis was 2.48% and (5.48%) among non-Saudis. In conclusion, the prevalence of congenital colour vision defect among male secondary school students of Al-Madinah Al-Munawara city is comparable to previously reported in central Saudi Arabia, but lower than for Caucasian.
congenital ; colour vision deficiency ; Ishihara colour testing ; prevalence ; Saudi Arabia ; protanopes ; deuteranopes.

ntroduction: This study aimed to investigate the association between obesity, sedentary behaviour, television (TV) watching, small screen recreation (SSR), and perinatal life influences (breast-feeding, birth weight) among Jordanian school children. Methods: A total of 117 school children (56 obese and 61 normal weight) aged between 11 and 15 years were selected by using multistage cluster sampling method. Parents were requested to complete the first part of a questionnaire on family background,while the second part on adolescent sedentary behaviour was completed by the participants in the school. Anthropometric data were collected and presence of fat mass (%FM) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: Sedentary behaviour (hours/day) was significantly higher in obese school children compared to normal weight (4.43±0.60, 3.29±0.68, respectively; P <0.05), and positively associated with BMI (r=0.270, P<0.05). Normal weight children spent less time on watching TV (hours/day) compared to obese children (2.01±0.10, 2.34±0.16, respectively; P<0.05), and spent 2.55±1.6 (hours/day) in small screen recreation (SSR) compared to 3.89±1.0 (hours/day) of obese children. Both watching TV and SSR was significantly associated with BMI (r=0.260, r=0.201, respectively; P<0.05). Duration of exclusive breastfeeding (months) was significantly higher in normal weight than obese children (7.70±3.01, 5.05±2.01, respectively; P<0.05), and negatively associated with BMI (r=-0.254) and %FM (r =-0.330). Conclusion: Sedentary behaviour and watching TV were important risk factors for obesity among 11-15 years old Jordanian school children. A national policy promoting active living and reducing sedentary behaviour among school children is recommended.

Maxillary labial and buccal frena are considered as normal anatomic structures in the oral cavity. However, they may exist intraorally as a thick broad fibrous attachment and/or become located near the crest of the residual ridge, thus interfering with proper denture border extension resulting in inferior denture stability, retention and overall patient satisfaction. This case report highlights the importance of clinical examination and treatment planning which may mandate preprosthetic surgery prior to fabrication of a new conventional complete denture. Adequate patient satisfaction with conventional complete dentures can be significantly increased after frenectomy.
Aged ; Denture Retention ; Denture, Complete ; Dentures ; Humans ; Mouth ; Patient Satisfaction ; Retention (Psychology)

Introduction The Eurycoma longifolia (EL) root aqueous extract has long been used as an enhancer of male sexual performance. However, data from previous studies in both human males and experimental male animals on the testosterone level in those given the EL extract orally were at best insufficiently conclusive. Materials and Method Sixty-four healthy adult male Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized, and randomized into six test groups and one control group. All rats where given either the aqueous EL extract or distilled water via metal gavage needle. The first three test groups received the low (50mg/kg bw), medium (100mg/ kg bw) and high (200mg/kg bw) doses respectively of the EL daily for 15 days only. The second three test groups continued receiving the same daily treatment doses for 30 days. The controls were given distilled water only. At the end of each of the study period, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture and the rats were euthanized. The testicles were obtained, weighed, and processed for histological examination. Results The sera testosterone levels were higher in animals which received the medium and high doses for both treatment duration. Rats which received medium and high oral doses of EL showed an increase of spermatogenesis and mature spermatozoa. Conclusion The optimal enhancing effect on sera testosterone levels and testicular spermatogenesis of EL treatment in adult male rats was observed with the medium dose of 100mg/kg bw given once daily for both 15 and 30 days.

Introduction: The internet revolution raised a new type of addiction, which is social media addiction. Social media advertisements are mostly targeting women. Therefore, the excessive use of social networking sites could influence females’ body image perception. However, obesity can either be a risk factor or a cause of negative body image. The aims of this study were to assess perceived body image and social media addiction among Princess Nourah University students and to determine the association between them. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of 307 female students at Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University at KSA using a multistage systematic random sampling technique whereas every 9th student was included if she is eligible. Data collected through survey includes socio-demographic characteristics, social media addiction scale adapted from Young K. Internet Addiction Test (IAT), body image questionnaire in addition to measuring their weight and height. Results: The findings revealed that 73% of the study participants perceived negative body image and 50.1% of them were moderately addicted to social media. On assessing the association using chi-square test, body image and social media addiction was not significantly associated (p=022). While on assessing the association between social media addiction and BMI, they were significantly associated (p=0.001). Conclusion: A statistically significant association was found between social media addiction and BMI. No significant association was found between body image and social media addiction. Thus it is recommended that future research try to investigate the main cause for social media addiction and identify the ways to avoid its potential negative consequences.
Body image

Placental peptide(PP), which was extracted from the placenta of healthy women, was an immunomoderator. It had similar properties as transfer factor(TF) in physiochemistry, bioactivity and immuno-conpetence. This study showed that PP increased the amount of leucocytes and splenic nucleated cells obviously, raised the complement activity, and improved the phagocytosis of phagocytes in the mice. The specific antibody, especially the level of amboceptor antibody of PP treated mice was higher than that of control group, while there was no significant differance between TF group and the control group. It is concluded that PP is superior to TF in promoting the function of humeral immunity and it is a valuable immunomoderator.

A method for on-line real-time estimation of myocardial contractility parameters at the isovolumetric period of the left ventricular pressure wave form using Maxwell mode of cardiac muscle is described. After simplifing the mathematical mode., we presented a new technique to calculate the Vmax using 1/Vce versus p linear regression, A measuring system based on IBM-PC/XT microcomputer was developed as well. The system is employed in physiological experiments for evaluation of myocardial contractility under control condi- tions, as well as after drug administration.

Various chemical and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses indicate that the lipid A backbone of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Bacteriodes fragilis NCTC 9343 is chemically constituted by a ?1, 6-interlinked D-gluco-samine disaccharide. It is phosphorylated at its 1-position by a glycosidic-linkage while the ester-bound phosphate present generally in other lipid A is depleted. The lipid A is lower fatty acylated in the amount of 5.2 fatty acids per lipid A molecule (of which 0.73 forms 3-acyloxyacyl groups). The LPS containing such a lipid A component has been shown endowing with a weaker endotoxicity.

Objective To establish animal models of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Methods Rat models of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads with liquid nitrogen freezing left femoral head were made. After operations, we accessed behaviors and regular observed X - ray graphy. we observed the femoral head after the rats were killed one monthe later. Results The rats in model group presented "new month syndrom" two weeks after operation,and became more and more worse. Conclusion The rat models of avascular necrosis of the femoral heads made by liquid nitrogen is economic and of low mortality. We can use it in making large - scale mordels, particularly in drug treatment' study.

Plasma renin activity, angiotensin Ⅱ, Aldosterone and cortisol in 380 healthy subjects were measured by radioim-munoassay at 10, 3700 and 4300 metres above sea level. The results showed as follows: Firstly, no significant difference was noted between Tibetan and Han residents at high altitudes with reference to these four parameters. Secondly, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and adrenocortical function in residents at high altitude revealed hypofunction. Thirdly, the responsiveness of aldosterone to renin declined gradually with increasing altitude, and slope declined as well. These changes might be considered as a chronic adaptive mechanism in residents at high altitude to hyposic environment.It may be suggested that appropriate use of adrenocorticosteroids may be of some clinical value in the prevention and treatment of some altitude-induced diseases.