The present studies on gallstones, made by macroscopic morphology and infrared absorption spectra, were carried out in order to clarify recent features of cholelithiasis in rural district. One hundred and sixty-one stones obtained from 152 patients who had cholelithiasis, and who were operated-on at our clinics during the past 10 years, were used for this study.
The average age of the patients was 62 years, and about half of them were over 65 years of age. The patients included 100 women and 52 men. The types and frequency of gallstones are classified as follows: cholesterol stones, 50.9%; pigment stones, 40.4%(black stones, 7.5%; bilirubin stones, 32. 9%) and rare stones, 8.7%. Considerin sexual differences, the frequency of cholesterol stones was nearly 2 times greater in women than in men; on the other hand, that of pigment stones was nearly 2 times higher in men than in women. Regarding the age groups of the patients, although the incidence of cholesterol stones was greater in the group under 64 years of age than in the 65-year-old group, the incidence of bilirubin stones was 4 or more times higher in the latter group than in the former.
From the above observations it is suspected that one of the major reasons for the low incidence of cholesterol stones in rural districts, is because of the high percentage of elderly patients with cholelithasis in these areas. The incidence of black stones was not significantly greater in rural districts.

The hospital records of 50 patients treated for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms during the past ten years were reviewed. Nine patients in cardio-pulmonary arrest on arrival at our emergency room and 3 resuscitated patients were included in this study. The patients were classified into four groups: the non-shock group (17 cases), shock group (21 cases), post-cardiac resuscitation group (3 cases) and the cardio-pulmonary arrest on arrival (CAPOA) group (9 cases). The mortality rates including preoperative death in each group were 5.9% (non-shock), 57.1% (shock), 66.7% (post resuscitation) and 88.9% (CPAOA). The overall mortality rate was 46%, although the mortality rate in patients receiving graft replacement was 35.6%. The mortality in the non-shock group was significantly lower than in the other three groups. Longer duration of shock, lower preoperative systolic blood pressure level, longer operative time, greater blood loss and greater amount of blood transfused were risk factors in cases of graft replacement. The risk factors associated with preoperative death were advanced age and acidosis due to severe shock. The correct initial diagnoses were made in prior hospital in 28 cases. Incorrect diagnoses, which were made more often in non-shock patients than in patients in shock, were abdominal pain of unknown origin in 6, ureterolithiasis in 4, lumbago, appendicitis and gastritis in 2 cases each. The delayed diagnosis might have resulted in more severe shock or cardiac arrest. In conclusion, to reduce the mortality of ruptured AAA, correct initial diagnosis and expeditious preoperative management are most important.

The hospital records of 59 patients treated for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms during the past eleven years were reviewed. The patients were classified into two groups: an elderly group aged 80 years old or wore (18 cases) and a control group aged under 80 years old (41 cases). Previous diagnoses of abdominal aortic aneurysm had been made more frequently in the aged group (44.4%) than in the control group (22%). Of the patients who fell into shock preoperatively, only 6 patients (60%) received graft replacements in the aged group, but all patients received graft replacements in the control group. Graft replacements were performed as safely in non-shock patients in the elderly group as in cases of non-ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The overall survival rate including non-operative cases in the elderly group (38.9%) was lower than that in the control group (61%). The survival rates in patients receiving graft replacemes showed no significant difference between the elderly group (63.3%) and the control group (67.6%). Many of the aged patients who fell into shock due to aortic rupture died without receiving surgery. Hypovolemic shock which results in ischemia in vital organs is the most likely major cause of death in patients of advanced age. In conclusion, graft replacements should be performed electively and safely before aneurysmal rupture, particularly in elderly patients.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between wheelchair type and impairments among patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Participants were 52 patients with DMD who used wheelchairs for daily locomotion. We assessed muscle strength, spinal deformity, sitting balance, respiratory function and ADL among 4 groups using different types of wheelchairs (manual wheelchair, manual wheelchair attached with powered component, powered wheelchair, and assist type wheelchair). Spinal deformity was related with wheelchair type. Muscle strength, peak flow and FIM motor score were significantly different among the four groups. The duration of daily use of ventilators was significantly different between the powered wheelchair users and the completely dependent group.

A 42-year-old female suffered annulo-aortic ectasia (AAE) and mitral regurgitation associated with Marfan's syndrome was successfully treated by a modified Bentall procedure combined with mitral valve replacement (MVR) under continuous warm blood cardioplegia (CWBC). With the patient under total cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial protection with CWBC, MVR with 27 mm mechanical valve was first done, followed by the total replacement of the aortic root with a composite graft made of vascular graft and an aortic mechanical valve. Anastomosis of the composite graft to the aortic valve annulus was made to guarantee a watertight closure using numerous interrupted mattress sutures and three pieces of Teflon felt strips to the annulus. Both coronary arteries were reconstructed by means of the “Interposition Graft Method” which interposes two short grafts between the composite graft and both coronary ostia. In spite of long time aortic cross clamp (235 min), cardiac function was recovered excellenthy and a peak CK-MB value was very low (23 IU/L) in the early postoperative period. Thus, CWBC provided a satisfactory myocardial protective effect. It was suggested that the modified Bentall procedure combined with MVR using CWBC was an effective therapy for a patient with AAE and mitral regurgitation associated with Marfan's syndrome.

Stanford type B acute aortic dissection without complications has been considered to be an indication for medical rather than surgical treatment. To investigate the availability of medical treatment and early rehabilitation, we evaluated 90 cases treated between 1986 and 1999 with type B acute aortic dissection. These consisted of 79 nonruptured cases and 11 ruptured cases at the beginning of treatment in our medical center. No surgery was performed in any of the nonruptured cases but surgery was performed in 8 of 11 ruptured cases. Surgical mortality in the rupture type was 12.5% (1/8). During medical treatment of the nonrupture type, 3 patients died of sudden rupture (1 case) and bowel ischemia (2 cases). An early rehabilitation program in which the goal was for the patient to walk around the ward within 2 weeks was performed for 31 consecutive cases of nonrupture type without vascular complications. Mortality was not significantly different between the early and conventional rehabilitation groups. The incidence of pneumonia and ICU syndrome during medical treatment was 13.0% (6/46) and 37% (17/46), respectively in the conventional group and 0% and 12.9% (4/31), respectively in the early group. The incidence of ICU syndrome was significantly lower in the early group than in the conventional group. Despite the limitations of this study, medical treatment and early rehabilitation showed good results in cases of uncomplicated type B acute aortic dissection.

No abstract available.
Carcinosarcoma*