Objective To explore the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) on learning and memory ability and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin in hippocampus of neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD).Methods Forty Wistar neonatal male rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into EE intervention for 6 hours(6 h EE) group (n =10),EE intervention for 12 hours (12 h EE) group (n =10),model group (n =10) and sham group (n =10).The first 3 groups were performed with HIBD.The 6 h EE and 12 h EE group received EE stimuli for 6 h and 12 h respectively,once a day for 14 days.Learning and memory of the rats were tested by using Morris water maze.The expression levels of BDNF and synaptophysin in hippocampus were determined with Western blot.Results The escape latency of all groups gradually reduced with the increase of training days,but there was no significant difference in the escape latency among the 4 groups (F =0.237,P ＞ 0.05).The rats in the 6 h EE group,12 h EE group and model group spent less time in the target quadrant and showed a significant reduction of BDNF and synaptophysin(6 h EE group:0.529 ± 0.038,0.889 ± 0.027;12 h EE group:0.660 ± 0.034,1.114 ± 0.037;model group:0.225 ± 0.015,0.672 ± 0.057) in the hippocampus compared with the sham group (0.803 ± 0.026,1.347 ± 0.092) (all P ＜ 0.01).In the 6 h EE group and 12 h EE group,the rats significantly increased the time spent in target quadrant and aggrandized the expression of BDNF and synaptophysin in hippocampus compared with the model group.Moreover,the 12 h EE group had a better performance than the 6 h EE group in the space exploration and the expression of BDNF and synaptophysin.Conclusion EE is helpful for improving learning and memory ability in neonatal rats with HIBD,which may be associated with up-regulating the expression of BDNF and synaptophysin in hippocampus.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of speech disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and any relationship between those characteristics and cranial magnetic resonance images.Methods A sample of 138 children with CP were given the ＜ s-s ＞ language development test,a Chinese-language articulation test and oral motor scores to quantify their functional speech and articulation.The characteristics of their speech disorders,articulation and oral motor dysfunction were then related with abnormalities in their cranial magnetic resonance images (MRIs).Results Of the 138 MRIs,only 9 were normal.Three showed non-specific abnormalities (delayed myelination and/or broadening of the space outside the brain) and 122 (91％) showed specific abnormalities.Among the children with specific abnormalities,51.6％ had speech reception delay and 74.6％ had speech expression delays.The dysarthria rate was 71.3％,including 8.7％ with no speech ability at all.The main MRI abnormalities were lesions of the basal ganglia (23％),lesions of the cerebellum (11.5％),periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (47.5％),extensive cortical or subcortical lesions (6.6％) and focal cerebral injury (11.5 ％).The corresponding oral motor scores increased successively.The children with lesions of the basal ganglia or cerebellum were most likely to manifest speech expression delay and dysarthria.The children with cortical or subcortical lesions or PVL also showed speech expression delay and dysarthria.However,the children who had a focal cerebral injury generally performed well on the speech ability assessment.Twelve children had no speaking ability at all,and in 7 of them the lesions were of the basal ganglia.Conclusions The probability and severity of speech disorders in children with cerebral palsy relate with specific abnormalities detectable with cranial MRI.Those with lesions of the basal ganglia or cerebellum will be more likely to show more severe speech disorders.

Objective To explore the effect of the exogenous phosphorylation cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element bind-ing protein (pCREB) antibody on the expression of apoptotic regulated genes (Bcl-2 and c-Jun) in hippocampus after status convulsivus (SC), to elucidate the role and regulation mechanism of pCREB in convulsive brain injury. Methods Seizures were induced in 24 adult Wi-star rats with lithium-pilocarpine intraperitoneal injection (SC group), another 24 rats were as the normal controls (NC group). Each group was divided into no injection subgroup, normal saline injection subgroup and anti pCREB subgroup according to the injection contents of lat-eral ventricle, with 8 cases in each group. They were sacrificed 6 hours after injection. Both the protein and mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and c-Jun in bilateral hippocampus were detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. Results There was no signifi-cant difference in Bcl-2 protein/mRNA expression among 3 subgroups in the NC group (P>0.05). In the SC group, the expression of Bcl-2 protein/mRNA were lower in the anti pCREB subgroup than in the no injection subgroup and normal saline injection subgroup (P<0.05). There was significant difference in c-Jun protein/mRNA expression among 3 subgroups in both NC group and SC group (P<0.001). The ex-pression of c-Jun protein/mRNA was higher in the normal saline injection subgroup and the anti pCREB subgroup than in the no injection group (P<0.05), especially in the anti pCREB subgroup (P<0.05). Conclusion Exogenous anti-pCREB antibody can down-regulate the ex-pression of Bcl-2 and up-regulate the expression of c-Jun in hippocampal cells after SC.

Objective To observe the effects of early exercise on the expression of synaptophysin pro-tein and Nissl bodies in the hippocampus after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage( HIBD) , and to investigate possi-ble mechanisms. Methods A total of 35 neonatal Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into a train-ing group of 13, a control group of 11 and a sham-operation group of 11. HIBD was induced in the rats of the training and control groups, while those in the sham-operation group had the left common carotid artery separa-ted, but without ligation. Seven days after successful modeling, the training group began swimming training for 10 min every day lasting for 14 days, while the other groups were not trained. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of synaptophysin in the affected hippocampus of the brain based on the ratio of the gray band val-ues for synaptophysin and beta. Nissl staining was applied to observe the number of Nissl bodies and the morphol-ogy of the neurons in the hippocampus. Results The average expression of synaptophysin in the sinistrocere-bral hippocampus of the rats in the control group was significantly lower than that in the sham-operation group, but significantly higher than that of the training group. The control group had significantly fewer Nissl bodies than the sham-operation group, but significantly more than the training group. Conclusion Early training can in-crease the expression of synaptophysin and the number of Nissl body in the hippocampus after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

Objective To explore main influencing factors of postgraduate entrance examination of medical students in medical universities and to provide guidance for postgraduate entrance examination and employment.Methods Totally 300 2008 and 2009 grade undergraduates of Kunming Medical University were enrolled and divided into postgraduate entrance examination group (n =181)and non postgraduate entrance examination group (n =97).Self-designed questionnaire was used.Intentions of postgraduate entrance examination of two groups and main factors of not taking postgraduate entrance examination were analyzed.Softwares of Excel 2003 and SPSS 17.0 were applied to do constituent ratio analysis and x2 test of gender and residence.Results Among all enrolled students,71.2％ paid attention to the entrance exam and 65.1％ said that they would take part in the entrance exam.There was no significant differences in taking entrance exam between males and females (x2 =3.213,P=0.073).Age (74.1％),family economic situation (71.1％) and current employment status (68.1％) were the main influencing factor of graduate entrance exam.There were significant differences between factors of age and family economic situation and factors of gender and census register (x2 =4.810,P =0.028 and x2 =9.612,P =0.002).There was no significant difference between factors of age and family economic situation and factor of current employment status (x2 =0.279,P =0.597).Conclusions Age,family economical situation and current employment situation are major influencing factors of postgraduate entrance examination for medical students.Postgraduate entrance examination for medical students needs positive guidance and more care from schools,society and family.Medical students should form correct view for employment and postgraduate entrance examination according to their own condition.

ObjectiveTo explore the influences of age and duration of status convulsivus （SC） on mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm） in hippocampus. MethodsConvulsive seizures for 30 min or 3 h (30 min SC or 3 h SC) were induced in 80 infant (20 d after birth) and 80 adult Wistar rats (IRs ＆ ARs respectively) with lithium-pilocarpine ip. The rats were sacrificed at 6 different time points from the 3rd hour to 7th day after SC termination. The mitochondrial △Ψm in hippocampal cells was determined with flow cytometry. ResultsThe mitochondrial △Ψm in hippocampal cells started to decrease at the 3th hour after SC in both IRs and ARs. The bottom level was reached at the 6th hour after SC ［(6.08±0.43) in IRs and (5.70±0.63) in ARs ) ］. Both of them were significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.01） and began to increase at 12th hour after SC. On the 7th day after 30 minutes SC, the level of mitochondrial △Ψm in IRs increased to the level of control, while the level in ARs was still lower than that of control (P<0.05）. At the 3rd hour, the 3rd and the 7th day after SC, the levels of mitochondrial △Ψm in IRs were obviously higher than those in ARs. Compared with the same time point after 30 min SC, the levels of mitochondrial △Ψm at the 3rd and the 6th hour after 3 h SC were much lower in different age groups (P<0.05）. Except the effect of the age-related difference, there was a positive correlation between the duration of SC and the changes of mitochondrial △Ψm in partial correlation analysis （r=0.71，P<0.05）. ConclusionSevere seizure could induce the mitochondrial △Ψm decreased in hippocampus. Age and duration of SC were important factors associated with the mitochondrial △Ψm decrease. There may be an internal protective response against brain damage in premature brain.

The enriched environment is an artificial environment for animal models of rodentia. In the enriched environment, model animals may improve synaptic plasticity, inhibit apoptisis and regulate autophage after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage, that promote the recovery.

Objective To explore the application value of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) in diagnosis of structural heart disease through a comparison with two dimensional echocardiography (2DE).Methods Ninety-two patients with heart disease were enrolled from October 2009 to February 2014 , all of whom were examined by RT-3DE.By cutting and spiraling structural 3D images of lesions in regions of interest , we made a diagnosis of lesions .In addition, the size of atrial(ASD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD),based on surgical results,was measured and analyzed.By comparing the coherence and difference of diagnosis on structural heart disease examined by 2DE and RT-3DE, the accuracy and superiority of RT-3DE were evaluated.Results (1)The 3D images of 92 patients with heart disease were successfully obtained by RT-3DE.The structure of lesions was displayed directly from various angles .In addition, the position, scope and degree of lesions and the spatial relationship of adjacent structures were accurately confirmed.RT-3DE provided more direct, accurate and abundant information than 2DE.(2)In the diagnosis of congenital heart disease, the diagnostic accordance rate of RT-3DE was the same as that of 2DE, but was slightly higher in the diagnosis of valvular disease and other lesions .( 3 ) Compared with 2DE, the ASD maximum diameters obtained from RT-3DE were more correlaed with surgical findings (r=0.94,0.86),so were the VSD maximum diameters (r=0.93, 0.84).Conclusion RT-3DE is easy to operate and quick to produce image ,which can provide more spatial information than 2DE in structural heart disease diagnosis , increase the accuracy rate of diagnosis , and serve as a supplement to 2DE.

As the medical college students are scattered to each practice hospital, the status of the secondary clinical medical colleges' education management to interns is weakened, and the problems and contradictions are becoming increasingly prominent. In the process of internship education management, through the establishment of the secondary medical colleges' interconnection management working mecha-nism, we can effectively solve the outstanding problems in the current internship edu-cation management, to achieve mutual trust between the secondary clinical medical college and the training hospital, and en-hance the effectiveness of the management of interns.

Objective:To explore the effect of goals-activity-motor enrichment (GAME) intervention on the motor function of infants with a mild or moderate developmental disorder.Methods:Randomized, single-blind, controlled trials were applied. Totally 108 infants with mild-to-moderate developmental delay, aged 0 to 12 months, were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, each of 54. Both groups were further divided into two subgroups, a less-than-6-month-old subgroup and a not-less-than-6-month-old subgroup. All of the children received 30 minutes of routine rehabilitation training five days a week and a 60-minute family intervention every day. In addition, the control group was given traditional neuro-developmental treatment (NDT) while the observation group was provided with an intervention based on the GAME program. Before and after 8 weeks of treatment, both groups were evaluated using the Alberta infant motor scale (AMIS).Results:After the intervention, both groups′ average total scores and average scores in the different positions were significantly better than before the intervention. The average AIMS scores of the observation group supine, prone and seated, as well as their average total score were significantly higher than those of the control group after the intervention. There were no significant differences in the AIMS score increases in the different positions between the two subgroups. However, the increase in average total AIMS score of the less-than-6-month-old subgroup was significantly greater than that of the older subgroup.Conclusion:The GAME protocol can improve the motor function of infants with mild to moderate developmental disorders more effectively than a traditional NDT program. The effect is greater with younger infants.