Objective To explore the immunization strategy at the endgame of poliomyelitis eradication in China.Methods To search the related study databases by the mean of evidence based medicine,and to investigate the update status of production and usage of polio vaccine in China.The general prospective analysis was conducted on aspects of the comparison of different immunization strategies,the feasibility of oral poliovirus vaccine(OPV)switching to Sabin strain inactivated poliovirus vaccine(Sabin-IPV)and the Sabin-IPV immunization schedule.Results The immunization strategy of OPV switching to IPV should be considered to choose in China because the domestic Sabin-IPV products will be registered soon and the switching feasibility is already provided with the conditions of police,technique,vaccine supply,and other guarantee.The routine immunization of Sabin-IPV can be carried out referring to the update OPV immunization schedule.Conclusion The study on immunization strategy at the endgame of poliomyelitis eradication should be further enhanced and the preparation of OPV switching Sabin-IPV should be considered in China.

ObjectiveTo identify the pathogen of an aseptic meningitis outbreak which occurred in Linyi City of Shandong Province during the summer of 2009,and to analyze the genetic variations of Coxsackicvirus B5 (CVB5) isolates.MethodsForty-two cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) specimens were collected from aseptic meningitis cases and virus isolation was performed. The viral RNA was extracted and amplified from the positive specimens using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).The partial VP1 coding region was purified and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees based on VP1 sequences were constructed among CVB5 isolates and those in GenBank.ResultsSeventeen enteroviruse strains were isolated from 42 CSF samples with 40.5％ isolation positive rate. All these strains were identified as CVB5 using both microneutralization test and molecular typing methods. Homology comparisons indicated that the nucleotide acid identities and amino acid sequence identities were 92.3 ％- 100.0％ and 98.7 ％- 100.0％,respectively among these CVB5 isolate.s,and compared with the Faulkner prototype strain,which were 81.0％-82.4％ and 96.6％97.0％,respectively.Phylogenetic analysis on VP1 sequences showed that all CVB5 could be separated into four genogroups of A,B,C and D.Isolates of this outbreak belonged to genogroup D.Interestingly,two distinct genogroups in the phylogenetic tree were observed among the 17 isolates.Conclusions CVB5 is responsible for the outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Linyi City of Shandong Province,China. The genetic diversity is high among the isolates and all belong to genogroup D.

Objective To analyze the genetic characteristics of echovirus 6 ( E-6) strains isolated from patients with acute meningitis/encephalitis syndrome ( AMES) in 2014 and sewage samples in 2013—2014 in Shandong province and to investigate their correlations.Methods Enterovirus strains were isolated from cerebrospinal fluid, stool and throat swab samples collected from 940 cases of AMES and 96 sewage samples used for environmental surveillance.The positive isolates were identified by molecular typing meth-od.Homologous and phylogenetic analyses based on the VP1 sequences of E-6 isolates were performed.Re-sults Altogether 47 E-6 strains were isolated from patients with AMES in 2014, accounting for 29.56%of all isolated enteroviruses ( EVs) strains.No E-6 strains were isolated from AMES cases in 2013.Data of the environmental surveillance showed that E-6 virus strains had been frequently detected in sewage samples since the summer of 2013 to the end of 2014.In total, 40 E-6 virus strains were isolated (7.87% of total isolated EVs strains) in 2013 and 139 E-6 virus strains (26.18%) in 2014.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the E-6 isolates recruited in this study belonged to clusters A and C with high intracluster sequence iden-tities between AMES and environmental isolates.The nucleotide identities were 98.3%-100% among cluster A E-6 virus strains isolated from AMES cases in 2014 and 96.6%-100% among cluster A E-6 virus environ-mental isolates during the surveillance year 2013—2014.The cluster A E-6 virus strains shared 97.1%-100% nucleotide identities between the AMES and environmental isolates.For cluster C E-6 virus strains, the nucleotide identities were 100%, 98.7%-100% and 99.1%-100%, respectively.Conclusion The epidemic of viral encephalitis in Shandong province in 2014 was associated the transmission of two lineages of E-6 virus.Environmental surveillance revealed the potential epidemic of E-6 virus even before the epidemic of viral encephalitis in Shandong province, indicating the possibility of using environmental surveillance for early warning of related diseases.

Construction and application of immunization information system is an important part of health information, which is very useful to improve the quality, efficiency and safety of vaccination. The background, system architecture, functions and applications, working conditions and characteristics of Shandong province Immunization Information System (IIS) are introduced in this article. It is expected to provide experiences for the development of immunization information system of other provinces.

Construction and application of immunization information system is an important part of health information, which is very useful to improve the quality, efficiency and safety of vaccination. The background, system architecture, functions and applications, working conditions and characteristics of Shandong province Immunization Information System (IIS) are introduced in this article. It is expected to provide experiences for the development of immunization information system of other provinces.

To analyze the genetic characteristics of a polio-I highly variant vaccine recombinant virus in Shandong Province (China) in 2011 and to identify isolates from healthy contacts, two stool specimens from one patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and 40 stool specimens from his contacts were collected for virus isolation. The complete genome of poliovirus and VP1 coding region of the non-polio enterovirus were sequenced. Homologous comparison and phylogenetic analyses based on VP1 sequences were undertaken among coxsackievirus (CV) B1, CV-B3 isolates, and those in GenBank. One poliovirus (P1/11186), CV-A4 and CV-A8 were isolated from the AFP patient; one CV-A2, Echovirus 3 (E-3), E-12 and E-14, ten CV-B1, and five CV-B3 strains were isolated from his contacts. These results led us to believe that there may be a human enterovirus epidemic in this area, and that surveillance must be enhanced. P1/11186 was a type-1 vaccine-related poliovirus; it combined with type-2 and type-3 polioviruses in 2A and 3A regions, respectively. There were 25 nucleotide mutations with 9 amino-acid alterations in the entire genome. There were 8 nucleotide mutations with 5 amino-acid alterations in the VP1 region compared with the corresponding Sabin strains. Homology analyses suggested that the ten CV-B1 isolates had 97.0%-100% nucleotide and 98.9%-100% amino-acid identities with each other, as well as 92.6%-100% nucleotide and 99.2%-100% amino-acid identities among the five CV-B3 isolates. Phylogenetic analyses on the complete sequences of VP1 among CV-B1 and CV-B3 isolates showed that Shandong strains, together with strains from other provinces in China, had a close relationship and belonged to the same group.
Base Sequence ; Capsid Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Poliomyelitis ; etiology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Poliovirus ; classification ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Poliovirus Vaccines ; adverse effects ; genetics ; immunology

UNLABELLEDTo observe the antithrambotic property of a new prosthetic made double bileaflet valve of all-pyrolytic carbon.

METHODFifteen sheeps underwent mitral valve replacement (MVR) with this new mechanical valve. Each animal was placed on cardiopulmonary bypass. All of the sheep were given in an anticoagulation protocol and followed for three months. Final studies were performed on all animals surviving for more than 12 weeks.

RESULTTen sheeps died within 48 h after operation, five sheeps survived. The long-term survivors were killed forautopsies, two sheeps were killed in the 1st week after operation, one in 12th weeks and two in 2.5 years. Pathological examination of 10 sheeps which died early after operation revealed that there was no either evidence of thromboembotic phenomenon, or any failures of the mechanical valve. Autopsy studies in the five long-term survivors revealed that the sewing ring was covered by a thin layer of microthrombi consisted most of platelets and fibrin in 1th week after operation. The sewing rings was covered by a tissue layer, with partial organized micro thrombi and endothelialization in 12th weeks after the operation. Two and half years after operation, the complete endothelialization presented around the sewing ring without restriction of bileaflet motion. The tissue ingrowth tends to stop at the pyrolytic carbon-fabric interface on both surfaces of left atrium and ventricle. This study demonstrated that the new prosthetic heart valve had not promoted thrombosis and thrombembolism.

Animals ; Biocompatible Materials ; Carbon ; Female ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; Male ; Materials Testing ; Sheep ; Thrombosis ; prevention & control

Objective To analyze the genetic characterization of VP1 region of Coxsackie virus A10(CVA10)isolated from clinical specimens of hand, foot and mouth disease(HFMD) patients in Shandong Province. Methods Clinical specimens were collected from some of HFMD patients from 2008 to 2009. The virus was isolated by cell culture. Total RNA was extracted, and the VP1 genes of the isolates were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced. The genotypes were identified by molecular typing method and bioinformatics analysis.Homologous comparison and phylogenetic analysis of representative CVA10 strains were performed.Homologous comparison between the Shandong isolates and strains obtained from GenBank were performed and phylogenetic analysis of some representative CVA10 strains were performed. Results Three hundred and thirty viruses strains were isolated from 760 clinical specimens collected from HFMD patients, and 17 of them were identified as CVA10. The homologies of nucleotide and amino acid of the 17 CVA10 strains were 82.3%-100.0% and 94.2%-100.0%, respectively. Compared with the prototype strain of CVA10 (Kowalik/USA/2003), the homologies of nucleotide and amino acid were 75.6%-76.8% and 90.2%-93.2%, respectively. Interestingly, Shandong CVA10 strains were clustered into two distinct subgroups in the phylogenetic tree. Conclusions CVA10 is one of the causative agents of HFMD. Two independently circulating subgroups of CVA10 exist in Shandong province.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an infection that can be sexually transmitted and result in health consequences. Persistent high-risk HPV infection can lead to various cancers and is the essential cause of cervical cancer. HPV vaccine can prevent the HPV infection and thus the incidence of cervical cancer. In this review we introduced the prevalence of HPV infection and vaccination, and the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. We also introduced the present knowledge and awareness of HPV infection and HPV vaccine in Chinese. Propaganda all over China should be performed on HPV vaccination to improve the vaccination rate, thus preventing the incidence of cervical cancer.

Based on the data from Shandong Province death registration system in 2015, the mortality rate was adjusted by the results of underreporting rate investigation, and the probability of premature death of non-communicable diseases was calculated by life table method. A total of 728 287 deaths caused by four main non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, malignant tumor, diabetes, and chronic respiratory disease, accounting for 85.83% of the total death in 2015. The death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and malignant tumor accounted for 50.90% and 25.69% respectively. The probability of premature death was 17.84%. The probability in males was higher than that in females (23.12% vs 12.25%). The highest probability of premature death in urban was cancer, but in rural was cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The probability increased from the East areas to the West. The highest probability reached at 21.50% in the Western underdeveloped areas, and the lowest probability was in Dongying City (14.84%) and Weihai City (14.94%) in the coastal areas.