There are more than 3 000 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human exhaled gas, which are directly or indirectly related to the pathophysiological process of the body. Therefore, the detection and quantitative analysis of VOCs in vivo is helpful for the early detection, diagnosis and evaluation of treatment results. Breath analysis is a simple, noninvasive, painless, economic and time-saving detection method. It is a new field of rapid development, and has great potential in disease screening and clinical diagnosis. In this paper, the application of human exhaled gas analysis in clinical disease diagnosis and the latest progress in this field will be summarized.

Objective To discuss factors related to clinical characteristics,biological behavior,and prognosis in gastric stromal tumors (GST).Methods We retrospectively analyzed clinical materials and records of 70 GST patients diagnosed after surgery and pathological examinations,all patients were contacted by telephone or mail for follow-up.Results (1) All GST patients had similar distribution of gender,and had age range of 50 to 69 years with mean age of 59.1 years.Clinical symptoms were non-specific,and main clinical manifestations included abdominal discomfort (42.9％),followed by abdominal pain (37.1％),and upper digestive tract hemorrhage (7.1％).(2) Sex,age,presenting symptoms,and original location of tumors were not significantly related to prognosis (P ＞ 0.05).However,size of the tumor,mitosis count,and the malignancy potential grading were significantly associated with patient prognosis.Among them,size of the tumor (maximum tumor diameter ＞ 5 cm vs ＜ 2 cm,HR =21.3,95％ CI:5.9-77.0;maximum tumor diameter 2-5 cm vs ＜ 2 cm,HR =2.3,95％ CI:1.2-7.8),and mitosis count (mitosis count ＞ 10/50 HPF vs mitosis count ≤5/50 HPF,HR =22.5,95％ CI:8.6-58.6;6-10/50 HPF vs ≤5/50 HPF,HR =11.1,95％ CI:9.9-12.3) were independently associated with GST prognosis.Conclusions Tumor size,mitosis count,and malignancy potential grading were associated with prognosis of GST.Among them,tumor size and mitosis count were independent predictors of prognosis.When the tumor size is larger,and mitotic count and the malignant potential grade is higher,prognosis of GST patients were worse.

Objective To investigate the association of the polymorphisms of the FGB gene rs4220 and rs1044291 loci with plasma fibrinogen (Fg) level and gallstones in Xinjiang, China. Methods Blood samples were collected from 150 Uygur and Han patients with gallstones and 150 Uygur and Han individuals without gallstones who were hospitalized or underwent physical examination in The People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from December 2017 to May 2020. Plasma Fg level was measured, and based on the previous results of whole exon sequencing of the FGB gene, the SNaPshot method was used to identify the genotype at rs4220 and rs1044291 loci of the FGB gene. The t -test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups; a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between each variable and gallstones. Results For the Chinese Han population, the gallstones group had a significantly higher plasma Fg level than the control group [2.90 (2.43-3.49) g/L vs 2.47 (2.06-3.02) g/L, Z =-3.62, P < 0.01), while there was no significant difference in the Uyghur population. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles at the rs4220 and rs1044291 loci of the FGB gene between the gallstones group and the control group in both Uyghur and Han populations (all P > 0.05). For the Chinese Han population, the subjects carrying GG genotype at the rs4220 locus in the gallstones group had a significantly higher plasma Fg level than those in the control group [2.84(2.32-3.61) g/L vs 2.34(2.05-2.75) g/L, Z =-3.04, P < 0.05], and the subjects carrying T genotype at the rs1044291 locus had a significantly higher plasma Fg level than those in the control group (3.08±0.75 g/L vs 2.48±0.48 g/L, t =2.80, P < 0.05). For the Uyghur population, only the subjects carrying A genotype at the rs4220 locus in the gallstones group had a significantly lower plasma Fg level than those in the control group [2.84(2.08-3.06) g/L vs 3.10(2.85-3.98) g/L, Z =-2.41, P < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in plasma Fg level between the subjects carrying different genotypes within the gallstones group or the control group for both Uyghur and Han populations (all P > 0.05). Conclusion The influence of FGB gene polymorphism on plasma Fg level may be associated with race, and FGB gene polymorphisms at the rs4220 and rs1044291 loci may be involved in the pathogenesis of gallstones by regulating Fg level in the population in Xinjiang.