The whole-cell patch clamp technique and "Y-tube" method were applied to evaluate the effects of sevoflurane (from 0. 3×10-3to 3×10-3 mol/L) on chloride current induced by bath utilization of 3×10-6 mol/L γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the single-cultured rat dorsal root ganglia neurons. Experimental data demonstrated that when peak amplitude of chloride current induced by 3 × 10-6 mol/L GABA was considered as 100 % in the presence of 0. 38×10-3, 0. 76×10-3, 2. 28×10-3, 3. 04×10 -3 mol/L sevoflurane peak amplitude of chloride current was rose to (149±25) %, (203±-27) %, (327±79) %, (331±109) %, (243±71) % correspondingly. This finding suggests that sevoflurane, at concentrations relevant clinical anesthesia, can enhance GABA-mediated chloride current in sensory neurons.

0 05) Conclusions Propofol combined with sevoflurane additively potentiates GABA gated chloride current in rat dorsal root ganglia

Objective To investigate the signaling pathways involved in the activation of neuron and glia in spinal cord in rats with neuropathic pain. Methods Twelve female SD rats (weighted 150 to 200 g) were randomized into two groups of spared nerve injury(group SNI) and control(group C). Surgery was performed to build model of SNI neuropathic pain in group SNI. Foot-lift response frequency to mechanical stimulation for ipsilateral hindpaw was assessed by 12 g and 2 g touch stimulator at different times. On the 11~(th) day after operation, 3 rats from each group were fixed by perfusion and the expressions of mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK), p-mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-MEK), p-extracellular regulated protein kinase(p-ERK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were detected by immunohistochemistry method. And proteins from ipsilateral LA-6 spinal cord in other 3 rats from each group were extracted for Western Blot analysis. Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were performed with antibodies specific for MEK, p-MEK, pERK and NF-κB. Results All rats in group SNI developed a relative unchangeable mechanical allodynia since the 5~(th) day after operation. The results of immunohistochemistry method showed that the expression of MEK was mainly in cytoplasm, p-MEK in cell nuclear, p-ERK in astrocyte and NF-κB in neuron according to morphologic observation. Western Blot analysis indicated that the expressions of p-MEK, p-ERK and NF-κB in group SNI were increased significantly compared with those in group C(P<0. 05). Conclusion In the spinal cord of rats with neuropathic pain, MEK-ERK signaling pathway is activated in astrocytes and NF-κB in neurons, which may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain.

BACKGROUND: It is demonstrated that ropivacaine has less toxicity than bupivacaine, but bupivacaine has higher liposolubility and efficacy, so a less dose of bupivacaine is needed in clinical comparing with ropivacaine. Serious convulsion is usually followed by cardiotoxicity induced by local anesthetics. The ratio of medial lethal dose (CD50) and median convulsant doses (LD50) is usually used to assess the comparative safety of local anesthetics.OBJECTIVE: To establish CD50 and LD50 of 2% lidocaine, 0.75% bupivacaine and 0.75% ropivacaine for Kunming mice and select proper indicator for neurotoxicity, then to compare neurotoxicity of the three local anesthetics on central nervous system.DESIGN: Randomized and controlled study.SETTING: Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.MATERIALS: This study was carried out from July to December in 2002 in the Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tonji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Totally 310Kunming mice aged of 1-month with clean grade were enrolled in this study.METHODS: ① To determine the relation of dose of local anesthetics with conclusion rate and death rate in mice. Todetermine the dose-effect relationship for ropivacaine, 50 mice were selected and divided into 5 groups with 10rates in each group who received dose of 76.80, 68.69, 61.44,49.15, 31.46 mg/kg respectively. For bupivacaine, 90 mice were divided into 9 groups, with 10 rates in each group who received intraperitoneal dose of 50.00, 47.29, 44.72, 42.29, 40.00, 35.78, 32.00, 28.62, 25.60 mg/kg respectively. For lidocaine, 100 mice were divided into 10 groups,with10rates in each group who received dose of 183.11, 163.77, 146.48,131.02, 117.19, 93.75, 75.00, 60.00, 48.00, 38.40 mg/kg respectively. For each local anes thetic, the rates of convulsion or death were tried to distribute on both sides of 50% symmetrically. On the dose-response curve, 4or 5 well-spaced points were obtained for probit analysis to determine CD50 and LD50 of each agent. ② The effect of different dose of lidocaine on conclusion duration and c-fos expression in brain with different doses.Forty mice were divided into 4 groups with 10 rates in each group who received 0, 30%, 60% and 90% convulsant doses of lidocaine intraperitoneally. The duration of convulsion were recorded carefully for the convulsant mice that should be marked correctly for next procedure. Two hours later, the convulsant mice were anesthetized deeply and fixed by transcardiac perfusion for Immunohistochemistry to detect c-Fos expression. ③ Comparison of neurotoxicity induced by CD50 of three agents.Thirty mice were randomly divided into 3 groups with 10 rates in each group who received intraperitoneally CD50 of lidocaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine respectively. The duration of convulsion and the number of neurons expressed with c-Fos in mice brain were compared among these three groups.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The response of mice to intraperitoneal local anesthestics, duration of convusion and c-Fos expression using immunohistochemistry methods.RESULTS: Date of totally 310 mice was entered into final results analysis. ① The relation of dose of local anesthetics and conclusion rate or death rate in mice. The therapeutic index (LD50/CD50) of 2% lidocaine,0.75% bupivacaine and 0.75% ropivacaine were 2.89, 1.48 and 1.34, respectively. ② c-Fos expression induced by lidocaine in mice brain: The cFos expression in mice brain was mainly distributed in three zones-thalamencephal, hypothalamus, amydyla and pyriform cortex. ③ Compare of the duration of convulsion and number of neurons with c-Fos expression induced by different dose oflidocaine. Compared with control group, the duration of convulsion and number of neurons with c-Fos expression in amydyla and pyriform cortex all increased significantly in CD30, CD60and CD90 group (P ＜ 0.05). ④ Neurotoxicity induced by CD50 of lidoacaine, bupivacaine and ropivacasine The duration of convulsion and expression of c-fos in amydyla and pyriform cortex were significantly increased in ropivacaine group compared to bupivacaine or lidocaine group intraperitoneally (P ＜ 0.05). There were no significant differences in the duration of convulsion and expression of c-Fos between lidocaine and bupivacaine group (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: Compared with bupivacaine, ropivacaine produced less toxicity when identical dose was used in clinic. It is indicated that if an accidental convulsion induced by ropivacaine, it may be more severe than that induced by correspondent either lidocaine or bupivacaine. It may be the reason that ropivacaine have less lipid solubility, absorbed easily from this tissue compartment, and to get a high concentration in blood.

Obiective To investigate the effect ofisoflurane on expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA in the hippocampus of immature rats.Methods sixty-four 7-clay-old SD rats were randomly assigned into 2 groups(n=32 each):control group(group C)and isoflurane group(group S).group S was exposed to 1.5% isoflurane for 6 h while group C to air.Fore animals were killed before anesthesia(T0,baseline),at 2,4,6 h(T1-3)of isoflurane anesthesia and 4,6,12 and 24 h after anesthesia(T4-7).The hippocampi were immediately removed for determimation of the expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA by RT-PCR.Results Compared with group C,the expression of IL-1β mRNA at T1-5,IL-6 mRNA at T2.3 and TNF-α mRNA at T1-6 in the hippocampus was upregulated in group S.Conclusion The expression of IL-1β mRNA,IL-6 mRNA and TNF-β mRNA was elevated in the hippocampus of immature rats after being exposed to isoflurane.

Objective To investigate a safe and effective method to correct the over rotation of nasal tip in rhinoplasty. Methods 16 cases, including 11 of primary and 5 of secondary over rotation of nasal tip, were corrected with strut grafts using autologous cartilage or combined with Medpor to reconstruct the supporting structures underneath to improve the upward and forward strength of the nasal tip in order to increase the nasal height and to correct the over rotation of of nasal tip. The shield and cap grafts were also used for the patients whose nasal tip were too low, with vertical dome division technique. Results 16 cases were corrected satisfactorily, the nasal lip angles were normal and there were no complications by follow-up from 6 months to 1 year. Conclusion It is necessary to provide powerful forward and upward strength to correct the over rotation of nasal tip effectively and safely, and proper cartilage grafts can im-prove the height of the nasal tip and correct the over rotation of the nasal tip further.

Objective To explore the related factors on sore throat and pharyngeal xeransis during thyroid surgery.Methods Twenty-nine female patients, aged 24-67 years, BMI 18-30 kg/m2, falling into ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, were scheduled for thyroid surgery.After anesthesia induction and tracheal intubation, the endotracheal intracuff was inflated to 20 mm Hg.Intracuff pressure was monitored every 5 minutes by a pressure transducer.At the time of 24 hours after tracheal intubation, the patients were asked about their throat complaints such as sore throat and pharyngeal xeransis.Results Endotracheal intracuff pressure during thyroid surgery was in a discrete distribution.Multiple linear regression model analysis found that age, BMI, anesthesia time and intracuff pressure had no obvious effects on sore throat.Decision tree model analysis found that patients undergoing thyroid surgery had higher probability of pharyngeal xeransis grade Ⅳ, when the average intracuff pressure was higher than 29 mm Hg.Conclusion Excessive endotracheal intracuff pressure during thyroid surgery due to operation causes pharyngeal xeransis.

To solve the problem of two separating lobes in a child's pulmonary surgery, this paper introduces the design, manufacture and clinical application of the bronchus blocking tube, which can better ensure patients' safety when anaesthetized.

Objective To observe the effect of subarachnoid block with 0.5% bupivacaine at different temperatures during cesarean section.Methods 100 cases of elective cesarean section were randomly divided into room temperature group and heating group,50 cases in each group.Room temperature group: bupivacaine hydrochloride injection and glucose injection equilibrated group in a constant temperature thermostatic bath of 24 degrees thermostatic bath heating for above 30 min.Heating group: bupivacaine hydrochloride injection and glucose injection heated in the constant temperature thermostatic bath of 37 degrees thermostatic bath heatingfor above 30 min.Anesthesia was injected into the subarachnoid space at different temperatures to observe the anesthetic effect.Results The anesthesia increased rapidly, and the analgesia and muscle relaxation effects were better in the heating group than room temperature group, but the heating group had hypotension rate was higher than the room temperature group (36.0% vs.16.0%).There was no obvious difference between the incidence of adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting in both groups.Conclusion Different temperatures of bupivacaine can be used safely for section anesthesia.The anesthesia effect of the heateding bupivacaine is faster, the anesthesia level is higher, the anesthesic and muscle relaxant effect is better.Bupivacaine at room temperature has relatively small effect on hemodynamics.

In order to evaluate the post-traumatic changes of serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF_?) and their relationship to the occurance of multiple system organ failure (MSOF), 80 adult patients with severe multiple trauma(SMT), injury severity score(ISS) 32?14. served as the tested subjects. of which 50 cases received operations and the other did not. Thirty adult patient, scheduled for elective abdominal surgery, were randomly chosen as trauma control, and 20 healthy blood donors acted as normal control. The venous blood samples were taken on that day of injury, 3, 10 and 20 days post-traumatically, and immediately before dis charge. to measure serum concentrations of IL-6 by immunocytochemistry method and TNF_? by enzymo-immunoassay, respectively. The diagnosis of post-traumatic MSOF was made according to Baue's criteria. As compared with normal control levels, the concentrations of IL-6 and TFN_?, increased significantly in patients with SMT(P0.05). In comparison correspondingly with those of trauma control, the levels of IL-6 and TFN_? were elevated markedly (P