Thunderclap headache is a sudden severe headache. It is an uncommon type of headache. Identifying it in time and accurate diagnosis are very important because this type of headache is often complicating serious cerebral diseases. This article reviews its causes and diagnostic assessments.

Basal ganglion lesions often result in language impairment. Its patterns of manifestation are complicated. Patients may either have oral language disorders or written language disorders, which almost includes all types of aphasia, The article reviews the anatomy, definition, feature and mechanisms of basal ganglia aphasia as well as the effect of lesion sites on language.

Stroke is a disease、with high mortality, and its main clinical manifestation is that the activities of daily living (ADL) of patients are impaired to different extents. This article reviews the related factors that influence ADL.

Objective To summarize the clincal effect of open reduction and internal fixation with locking-proximal-humerus-plate(LPHP)to treat proximal humeral fractures.Methods A total of 19 eases with proximal humeral fractures were treated with LPHP from August 2003 to February 2006 in this study.Their mean age was 58.6 years old.According to Neer classification,two cases were with two- part fractures,nine with three-part fractures and eight with four-part fractures including seven cases with osteoporosis.Redaction and fixation was done via deltopeetoral-groove approach.Bone graft was applied for five eases.Results The follow-up period was 3 to 32 months(mean 17 months).All cases were healed and the union period of 3-5 months.According to the Near shoulder score,the results showed that ten cases were excellent,6 cases good,with excellent rate of 84%.Conclusion The LPHP method is suitable for osteoporosis and comminuted proximal humeral fractures and enhances the treatment effect.

Animals ; Cadmium Radioisotopes ; toxicity ; Female ; Fetal Development ; drug effects ; Fetus ; Maternal-Fetal Exchange ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To clarify the effects of exercise- and food intake restriction-induced weight reduction on expression of ghrelin in plasma and stomach of obese rats,and to explore the role of ghrelin during weight loss. Methods 100 weaned Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into control group(fed with standard chow,n= 20) and model group (two-bottle-feeding method,fed with standard chow and high-fat diet simultaneously, n=80). After 20 weeks feeding, Lee' s index of control was used as the reference of diet-induced obesity identification, and then diet-induced obese rats were randomly divided into four groups:obese control group,swimming group,food intake restriction group and swimming+food intake restriction group, eight rats in each group. Rats in swimming group underwent long-term(40 min,6 days/week for 5 weeks)swimming exercise. Calorie in food intake restriction group was restricted 1/3 of normal kcal for 3 weeks,and subsequently restricted 1/3 for 2 weeks. Swimming+food restriction group had the same intervention as swimming and food restriction group. 8 normal diet rats were also chosen as controls. After five weeks of treatments,peripheral fat mass of testis and kidney,ghrelin proteins in plasma and stomach,and ghrelin mRNA in stomach were measured. Results Gastric ghrelin protein and mRNA were significantly lower in obese control group than those in normal control group (P<0.05). However, plasma ghrelin did not decrease markedly in obese control rats(P>0.05). Compared with obese control group,weight and fat mass in all weight loss groups declined notablely(P<0.05);in swimming and swimming+food restriction groups,the expression of ghrelin protein or mRNA in plasma or stomach increased remarkably( P<0.05); in food restriction group, the level of ghrelin mRNA raised significantly (P<0.05), while ghrelin protein in plasma and stomach had not change. Conclusion The level of ghrelin increased in exercise induced weight loss,while showed no significant change in food intake restriction group, suggested that ghrelin might be involved in the process of weight loss induced by exercise.

Background Microvessels are composed of two interacting cell types: endothelial cells and pericytes. Over the past decades, studies of corneal angiogenesis have concentrated mainly on endothelial cells, while interest in pericytes has lagged behind. Objective The present study aimed to investigate the recruitment of vascular endothelial cells and pericytes in rat corneas after alkali burn. Methods Corneal alkali burn models were established in the right eyes of 36 adult SPF SD rats by putting 4 mm medicators containing a 1% 1 mol/L NaOH solution at the central corneas for 30 seconds, and 3 matched normal rats were used as controls. Corneas were excised 1,2,3,5,7 and 10 days after surgery. Frozen sections that parallel with the corneoscleral limbus were constructed. Double immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the dynamic expression of CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in corneal tissue for the evaluation of the number of endothelial cells and pericytes. The pericyte coverage index (PCI) was calculated to quantify the recruitment of pericytes to neovascular sites. The use of experimental animals followed the Statement of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Results CD31 was expressed in the superficial stromal layer of the cornea on the 1 st day, showing the presence of red fluoresence. The positive cell number for CD31 was gradually increased with the passage of time and proceeded into the deep stromal layer from days 2 through 5 but decreased after that. However,α-SMA was positively expressed on the 2nd day in the cornea after alkali burn with the presence of green fluorescence. The positive cell number for α-SMA was less than those of CD31 throughout the experimental period. The PCI was 0, 16.07%, 11.95%, 43.84%, 73.97% and 86. 21% , respectively, 1,2,3,5,7 and 10 days after surgery. Conclusion Pericytes recruitment to corneal new vessels may play a key role in the stabilization and maturation of angiogeneis.

AIM: To explore the skills and characteristics of corneal neovascular model in rat induced by micropocket assay. ·METHODS: Nine eyes of nine Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Pellets made of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), poly-2-hydroxylethylmethacrylate and sucralfate were implanted into the corneal stroma nocloser than 1mm from the limbus. Biomicroscopic features of corneal neovascular were observed on 1,3, 5, 7th day after the implantation. ·RESULTS: On day 1 after operation, the limbal vessels were dilated, with no angiogenesis appeared. On day 3, angiogenesis began to invade peri-cornea with a brush shape, the area of CNV was (2.23±0.59) mm2. On day 5, new vessels reached the lower margin of pellet densely, the area of CNVwas (6.81±1.35)mm2. On day 7, new vessels continued to elongate, parts of them extended as loops toward the pellet, the area of CNV was (8.92± 1.79)mm2. Neither hyphema or other complications occurred.·CONCLUSION: Corneal neovascular induced by micropocket assay in rat grows steadily, with no complication, and is suitable for quantitative researches.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and treatment of Caroli′s disease in children.Methods The clinical data,laboratory examination and radiological feature of 8 children with Caroli′s disease between Feb.1998 and Dec.2007 were analyzed retrospectively.All children underwent CT and abdominal ultrasonogram.Results Five cases of the 8 children were male and 3 cases were female.The mean age was 6.3 years old.The cases′ history were from 5 days to 4 months.The clinical symptoms showed that 3 cases had hematemesis,5 cases had hepatosplenomegaly,and 1 case had fever and turbid urine.Of the total 8 cases,5 cases were hepatic fibrosis and liver cirrhosis and hepatosplenomegaly,3 cases were portal hypertension,and 1 case had cholangitis.The other 3 cases were simple types.One case had infantile polycystic kidney disease.Laboratory analysis revealed 2 cases had dysfunction of liver and 1 dysfunction of renal.The imaging characteristics showed multiplied irregular dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts in enlarged liver,with central dot sign on CT scan.One case presented enlarged gastroesophageal vein.The 8 cases undertook conservative treatment,with no surgery.Conclusions The symptoms of Caroli′s disease are highly variable.Caroli′s disease should be focused especially on children with abdominal pain and hepatomegaly.CT is important for diagnosis of Caroli′s disease at earlier stage.The disease can be conservatively treated,and(or) surgically operated.

Artificial intelligence technology is being widely applied in drug screening. This paper introduces the characteristics of artificial intelligence, and summarizes the application and progress of artificial intelligence technology especially deep learning in drug screening, from ligand-based and receptor structure-based aspects. This paper also introduces how to apply artificial intelligence to drug design from these two aspects. Finally, we discuss the main limitations, challenges, and prospects of artificial intelligence technology in the field of drug screening.