1.Phylogeography of the current rabies viruses in Indonesia.
I Nyoman DIBIA ; Bambang SUMIARTO ; Heru SUSETYA ; Anak Agung Gde PUTRA ; Helen SCOTT-ORR ; Gusti Ngurah MAHARDIKA
Journal of Veterinary Science 2015;16(4):459-466
Rabies is a major fatal zoonotic disease in Indonesia. This study was conducted to determine the recent dynamics of rabies virus (RABV) in various areas and animal species throughout Indonesia. A total of 27 brain samples collected from rabid animals of various species in Bali, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, and Flores in 2008 to 2010 were investigated. The cDNA of the nucleoprotein gene from each sample was generated and amplified by one-step reverse transcription-PCR, after which the products were sequenced and analyzed. The symmetric substitution model of a Bayesian stochastic search variable selection extension of the discrete phylogeographic model of the social network was applied in BEAST ver. 1.7.5 software. The spatial dispersal was visualized in Cartographica using Spatial Phylogenetic Reconstruction of Evolutionary Dynamics. We demonstrated inter-island introduction and reintroduction, and dog was found to be the only source of infection of other animals. Ancestors of Indonesian RABVs originated in Java and its descendants were transmitted to Kalimantan, then further to Sumatra, Flores, and Bali. The Flores descendent was subsequently transmitted to Sulawesi and back to Kalimantan. The viruses found in various animal species were transmitted by the dog.
Animals
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Brain
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DNA, Complementary
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Dogs
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Indonesia*
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Nucleoproteins
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Phylogeography*
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Rabies virus*
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Rabies*
;
Zoonoses
2.Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Coronavirus Disease-19-Associated Ischemic Stroke: A Novel Avenue in Neuroscience
Tjokorda Istri PRAMITASURI ; Anak Agung Ayu Putri LAKSMIDEWI ; Ida Bagus Kusuma PUTRA ; Felix Adrian DALIMARTHA
Experimental Neurobiology 2021;30(1):1-12
Ischemic stroke is one of the catastrophic neurological events that are being increasingly recognized among Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 patients. The recent studies have revealed about a possible connection among COVID-19, ischemic stroke, and excessive Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) formation. This paper establishes an overview of coronaviruses and NETs, NETs in pathogenesis of COVID-19 induced-ischemic stroke, and future directions using related recent literatures. NETs are normally functioned for a defense against pathogens, but in immoderate amount, they can trigger series of destructive events. Vasculopathy and neuroinflammation are the pathological mechanisms of NETs suggested to link COVID-19 and ischemic stroke. Based on newly discovered possible mechanisms, the potential clinical implications that could be applied consists of inhibition of NET formation, disrupting cholesterol synthesis, and interfering inflammatory pathway. A considerable number of scientific works are needed in order to complete the current understanding of the emerging relationship among COVID-19, NETs, and ischemic stroke.Although the exact mechanism is still unknown, these novel findings are a worthwhile contribution in defining future studies, suitable future frameworks, and therapeutic strategies.
3.Effect of High-Fat Diet on SOD2, GPx, NeuN and BDNF Expression on Frontal Lobe of Obese Rats
Mohammad Ariq Nazar ; Dwi Cahyani Ratna Sari ; Agung Putra ; Nur Arfian
Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2021;17(No.4):162-165
Introduction: Obesity has been demonstrated to induce oxidative stress and inflammation processes that lead to
senescence in brain cells. Obesity-induced cellular senescence in the brain is still widely investigated. This study
aimed to investigate the expression of antioxidant and neuronal markers in the frontal lobes of obese rats. Methods:
Eighteen adult rat Sprague Dawley divided into three groups: Control (SO), Obese-2 (DIO2), and Obese-4 (DIO4)
were observed. Control rats were fed with a standard diet AIN 76A for two month. In contrast, DIO2 and DIO4 rats
were fed with a high-fat diet daily for two and four months, respectively. After being sacrificed, the rats’ brains were
dissected out then the frontal lobes were used for RNA extraction. Reverse transcriptase PCR of SOD2, GPx, BDNF,
NeuN and beta-actin was performed to investigate the relative expression of the antioxidant and neuronal markers.
Results: DIO2 and DIO4 groups had significantly increased body Weights, blood glucose level and triglyceride level
after being fed with a high-fat diet for two and four months, respectively. The DIO4 group had the significantly lowest
mRNA expressions of SOD2, GPx, BDNF and NeuN. Conclusion: Decreased antioxidant and neuronal markers in
the rats frontal lobes were observed as the chronic effect of obesity.