The study on the oral contraceptive pill use in 722 women at reproductive age in 2003 was reported that: The highest rate of use oral contraceptive pill in the group of women at 26-49 years old (92.1%); Women educated from primary to high-school levels accounted for 74.1%; Women with 1-2 children accounted 84.5%; For income 60.6% of women with the range from 300000-700000VND/monthly. The most popular contraceptive pill was Ideal (76.2%). Adverse effects of taking pill were nausea (17.9%) and putting on weight (11.9%).
Contraceptives, Oral ; Women ; Age Factors ; Age Groups

PURPOSE: Demirjian's dental maturity scores and curves have been widely used for human age determination. Several authors have reported considerable differences between the true and estimated age based on the Demirjian curves, which have been accounted for by ethnicity. The purpose of the current study was to assess the role of ethnicity-specific dental maturation curves in age estimation of Saudi children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 452 healthy Saudi children aged 4 to 14 years were aged based on the original French-Canadian Demirjian curves and several modified Demirjian curves specified for certain ethnic groups: Saudi, Kuwaiti, Polish, Dutch, Pakistani, and Belgian. One-way ANOVA and a post hoc Scheffe's test were used to assess the differences between chronological age and dental age estimated by the different curves (P<0.05). RESULTS: The curves designed for Dutch, Polish, Saudi, and Belgian (5th percentile) populations had a significantly lower error in estimating age than the original French-Canadian and Belgian (50th percentile) curves. The optimal curve for males was the Saudi one, with a mean absolute difference between estimated age and chronological age of 8.6 months. For females, the optimal curve was the Polish one, with a mean absolute difference of 7.4 months. It was revealed that accurate age determination was not related to certain ethnicity-specific curves. CONCLUSION: We conclude that ethnicity might play a role in age determination, but not a principal one.
Age Determination by Teeth ; Child* ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Forensic Dentistry ; Humans ; Male ; Radiography, Panoramic

Depending on the definition used, between 3% and 10% of live neonates are small for gestational age (SGA). The definition of SGA requires the following: (1) accurate knowledge of gestational age; (2) accurate measurements at birth of weight, length, and head circumference; (3) a cutoff, which has been variably set at the 1 0 th percentile, 3 rd percentile, or at less than 2 standard deviation from the mean, and (4) race and ethnicity-specific growth curve. Consensus statements are needed on the management of growth hormone therapy in SGA children, as well as treatment and long-term health outcomes such as impaired cognitive function, increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes.
Adult ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Child ; Consensus ; Continental Population Groups ; Gestational Age ; Growth Hormone ; Head ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Parturition

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Body Height ; Body Weight ; China ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Singapore ; Spirometry

Conjoined twins occur when there is imcomplete fission of the inner cell mass later at approximately 13 to 15 days after fertilization. The earlist case in the literat.ure appears to be that of the Biddenden Maids who were born in England in 1100. since then over two hundred cases of successful separation were reported on literature. And also successful separation cases were reported by Seung et al.(1991) in Korea. Conjoined twins occur between one in 50,000 to 100,000 births but real incidence is one in 200,000 because two thirds are stillbirth or died immediately after birth. The conjoined twins are not associated with maternal age, race or family history and 70 % of them are females. We experienced a case of conjoined twins with omphalopagus and performed surgical separation. A brief review of related literatures was done.
Animals ; Continental Population Groups ; England ; Female ; Fertilization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Maternal Age ; Murine Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Parturition ; Stillbirth ; Twins, Conjoined*

It has been reported that there are racial differences in the vertebral level of termination of the spinal cord (VLTS) in fetuses. However, the precise analysis about the differences has not been established because the definition of the termination of the spinal cord used in comparing the VLTS was different from one another. The purpose of this study is to measure the VLTS, the length of the spinal cord and vertebral column in Korean fetuses, and to compare the VLTS with that of other nations or races according to the different definitions of the termination of the spinal cord. Two points were considered to measure the length and vertebral level of the spinal cord: One point was where the lowest spinal nerve root emerges (termination of the spinal cord I, SCT I), and the other was the point at which the tapering of the conus medullaris suddenly stops, and after which the diameter remains about the same (termination of the spinal cord II, SCT II). Materials used for this study were 115 normal Korean fetuses ranging from 13th to 37th weeks after the onset of the last normal menstrual period (LNMP). The fetuses were subdivided into 7 groups by gestational age and crownrump length (CRL), respectively. The results were obtained as follows. 1. All lengths of the vertebral column (VCL), spinal cord (SCL) and dura mater (DML) increased with the increase in fetal age, but the rate was somewhat different from one another. Especially, the increase rate of SCL was lowered at 6th month of gestation (Group III). Recession lengths of the two terminations of the spinal cord were also greatest in Group III and the ratio of SCL to VCL was also decreased greatly in Group III. These findings indicate that the relative growth rate of the spinal cord to the vertebral column is lowest during the 6th month, and as a result, the spinal cord ascends most rapidly during this stage of development. The number of cases after 8th month was so few that we could not make any conclusion. 2. With the increase in fetal age, vertebral level and range of the termination of the spinal cord and the dura mater increased gradually. In comparison of our results with others, we confirmed that the vertebral level of the termination of the spinal cord in Korean fetus is similar to that of Saudi Arabian, but is somewhat higher than that of the English, North Indian and South Indian. 3. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female in all measurements except for a very few ones.
Continental Population Groups ; Conus Snail ; Dura Mater ; Female ; Fetus* ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Spinal Cord* ; Spinal Nerve Roots ; Spine

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to analyze inguinal hernia in Korea based on the nationwide data. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of nationwide data obtained from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service database for surgical repair of inguinal hernia from January, 2007 to December, 2015 was performed. RESULTS: A total of 314,238 cases of inguinal hernia surgery were performed during 9 years. The mean number of inguinal hernia surgery per year was 34,604 (range, 30,065–36,928). The proportion of male patient was 87%. Patients between the age of 1 to 5 years (17.3%) and of 60 to 69 years (17.4%) constituted the 2 dominant groups for inguinal hernia repair. A slight increase in repair for recurrent inguinal hernia, 1.9% to 3.2%, was observed from 2007 to 2015. The rate of concurrent bowel resection decreased from 1.9% to 0.6%. The total cost of inguinal hernia surgery was increased up to 1.68 times from 2007 to 2015 ($856 to $1,439), although the number of hospital days was decreased from 4.7 to 3.7 days. The rate of laparoscopic surgery was increased to 29.5% in 2015. CONCLUSION: A mean number of 34,604 cases of inguinal hernia surgery have been carried out annually in Korea. The age distribution for inguinal hernia repair demonstrates bimodal peak at early childhood and old age. The proportion of laparoscopic surgery of inguinal hernia has been increasing for the past 9 years. The length of hospital stay and the rate of combined bowel resection have decreased.
Age Distribution ; Diagnosis-Related Groups ; Hernia, Inguinal ; Humans ; Insurance, Health ; Korea ; Laparoscopy ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo investigate the level and distribution characteristics of anemia of the minority ethnic group children in Yunnan.

METHODThe cases with anemia were surveyed from 13 336 samples of 15 minority ethnic groups and Han children in Yunnan by Taking the method of random cluster sampling.

RESULTThe prevalence of anemia among the children under 7 years of age of 15 ethnic groups of minority in Yunnan was 13.6%. There are differences among the different ethnic groups (χ(2) = 716.33, P < 0.01), the highest was 26.6% in Jingpo, the lowest was 3.5% in Bai. There were differences among the different regions, the prevalence of anemia was high in the border regions City, the highest was 23.8% in Dehong; the prevalence of anemia was low in inland cities, the lowest was 2.7% in Fugong, and was higher in border areas. The prevalence of anemia was higher in boys (13.6%) than in girls (12.1%). There were differences among the different age in the different ethnic groups (6 months to 1 years old: χ(2) = 70.52, P < 0.01; 1 - 2 years old:χ(2) = 185.86, P < 0.01; 2 - 5 years old: χ(2) = 296.12, P < 0.01; 5 - 6 years old:χ(2) = 107.11, P < 0.01; 6 - 7 years old:χ(2) = 185.02, P < 0.01), the highest was 59.0% of Deang in 1 to 2 years old children. The trend of change was that the highest prevalence was seen in 6 months to 1 year old children, the prevalence gradually declined among older children, but rose again in children 6 years of age or older.

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of anemia was 13.6% among the children of 15 ethnic minority under 7 years of age in Yunnan. There were differences among different ethnic groups of minority in different prefectures. There were differences among different ethnic groups of different age groups, but it was highest in 6 months to 1 year old children, it declined among older children, and rose in children 6 years of age or older. The prevalence of anemia was related to the ethnic and geographic factors.

Age Distribution ; Altitude ; Anemia ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; Biomarkers ; analysis ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Hemoglobins ; analysis ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Minority Groups ; statistics & numerical data ; Prevalence ; Sampling Studies ; Sex Distribution

PURPOSE: This study is directed to evaluate standardized developmental test performances of infants and children who, as fetuses, had mild isolated cerebral ventriculomegaly diagnosed by ultrasound. METHODS: All prenatal sonographic findings from 2001 to 2002 were evaluated. Live isolated mild ventriculomegaly (IMVM) of 10-15 mm were observed in 95 cases (1.1 percent). Standardized developmental testing of 40 cases of IMVM and 36 cases in a comparison group were offered to parents Both groups of children were adjusted to normal antepatum subjects with respect to sex, race, indication for ultrasound and gestational age at the time of ultrasound. Test of cognitive and motor development (Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition; BSID-II) were administered by developmental examiners. RESULTS: Forty cases and 34 comparison sujects completed the testing. The IMVM and comparison groups were similar with respect to parental age, gestational age, birth weight, familial socioeconomic status. The IMVM subjects scored lower than the comparison group on both the BSID-II, but there was not statistically significant. differences; metal development index (MDI) (92.7+/-12.9 vs 94.7+/-14.1, P=0.47) and psychomotor development index (PDI) (100.3+/-14.1 vs 101.3+/-10.7, P=0.75). Eleven cases (27.5 percent) of IMVM group and five cases (14.7 percent) of the comparison group were developmentally delayed, but most cases in both groups showed mild delays. Resolution or lack of progression, lateral ventricle diameter < or= 12 mm and females were associated with better scores, but there were not statistically significant. Polarity, and head circumference were not related to later development. CONCLUSION: This study show children with MIVM did not delay performance in the developmental test, but we might suggest a tendency to increase the risk of mild developmental delay.
Birth Weight ; Child ; Child Development ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; Fetus ; Gestational Age ; Head ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Infant ; Lateral Ventricles ; Parents ; Social Class ; Ultrasonography ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: About 13,000 people immigrated to New York City from the Republic of Korea between 1986 and 1990, creating an important ethnic minority. METHODS: Using US-born Whites as a reference, age-adjusted proportional mortality ratios were computed for 314 men and 248 women of Korean ancestry born abroad who died in New York City in 1986-90. RESULTS: Males had a significant excess of viral hepatitis, cancer, stroke, and external causes: accidents, suicide, and homicide. They had significantly reduced proportional rates of AIDS and heart disease. Mortality patterns were similar for Korean women, who had significantly increased proportional rates of stroke and accidents, and reduced heart disease. Stomach and liver cancers were significantly elevated in both sexes, while female breast cancer was low. There were two male and one female tuberculosis deaths (4 to 7 fold increase), and one Korean woman died of childbirth complications (59-fold increase). CONCLUSIONS: Except for violent deaths, these observations resemble known mortality patterns in Korea.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *Emigration and Immigration ; *Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Human ; Infant ; Korea/ethnology ; Male ; Middle Age ; *Mortality ; New York City/ethnology ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.