Recently, the role of vitamin D in immunomodulation has been studied and shown to be significantly associated with immune function. A causal relationship exists between vitamin D and innate and adaptive immunity to infections. Recent findings on the function of vitamin D may explain aspects of the pathophysiology of various allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis, asthma, and even chronic rhinosinusitis.
Adaptive Immunity ; Asthma ; Immunomodulation ; Rhinitis ; Vitamin D*

Two-signal models are useful in explaining various types of immune responses. In particular, secondary, so-called costimulatory, signals are critically required for the process of T-cell activation, survival, differentiation, and memory formation. Early studies in rodent models showed that targeting T-cell costimulatory pathways elicits immunological tolerance, providing a basis for development of costimulatory therapeutics in allograft rejection. However, as the classic definition of T-cell costimulation continues to evolve, simple blockade of costimulatory pathways has limitations in prevention of allograft rejection. Furthermore, functions of costimulatory molecules are much more diverse than initially anticipated and beyond T cells. In this mini-review, we will discuss CD137-CD137L bidirectional signals as examples showing that two-signals can be applicable to multiple phases of immune responses.
Adaptive Immunity* ; Allografts* ; Memory ; Rodentia ; T-Lymphocytes

No abstract available.
Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Cell Line* ; Rats*

Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Humans ; Periodontitis ; immunology

Improved understanding of the contribution of immune-inflammatory mechanisms in allergic diseases and asthma has encouraged development of biologicals and small molecules specifically targeting the innate and adaptive immune response. There are several critical points impacting the efficacy of this stratified approach, from the complexity of disease endotypes to the effectiveness in real-world settings. We discuss here how these barriers can be overcome to facilitate the development of implementation science for allergic diseases and asthma.
Adaptive Immunity ; Asthma ; Biological Products ; Hypersensitivity

Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by excessive autoantibody formation by the lymphocyte B cells (B cells). The autoantibodies will bind to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone receptors (TSHR) and enhance the production of thyroid hormone. Previous studies indicate that the impairment of immune response in GD happens in several points in the adaptive immune response, particularly the profile of the intrathyroidal dendritic cells (tDC), the imbalance of T helper-1 (Th1) and T helper-2 (Th2), the Th17 cells that act as pro-inflammatory cells and the dysfunction of immune modulating T regulator (Treg) cells.6-11 Vitamin D is a steroid hormone which has pleiotropic effects. The role of vitamin D in bone and calcium metabolism is already established. The discovery of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages, T cells and B cells, demonstrates that vitamin D may influence innate and adaptive immune process. Recent studies try to explore the relationship between vitamin D and autoimmune disease, furthermore they consider vitamin D as a modifiable environmental factor in autoimmune diseases.13,40 Most people with autoimmune diseases have lower vitamin D level than that of healthy subjects. Vitamin D level also has been associated with disease activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Vitamin D influences adaptive immune response through its ability to modulate dendritic Cells (DC), T cells, B cells and Treg cells. Although previous studies reported the immune response disturbance in GD include the tDC, Thelper and Treg cells,6-11 little is known whether the immunoregulatory effect of vitamin D can interfere with the natural history of GD. The effect of vitamin D in GD remains to be explored.
Graves Disease ; Adaptive Immunity ; Vitamin D

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by persistent symptomatic inflammation of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa resulting from the interaction of multiple host and environmental factors. Although the etiology of CRS remains a matter of vigorous debate, research into CRS has implicated that the epithelium plays an important role as both a mediator and a regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as the transition from innate immunity to adaptive immunity. Recently, alterations of epithelial barrier functions, dysregulation of the innate immune system and inappropriate activation of the adaptive immune system have been identified as active processes in the pathogenesis of CRS. This review summarizes recent emerging evidence regarding the underlying pathogenic mechanism in CRS, which highlights the increasing recognition of the epithelium as a central factor in CRS etiology and pathogenesis.
Adaptive Immunity ; Epithelium* ; Immune System ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation ; Mucous Membrane

Mucosal vaccination, capable of inducing protective immune responses both in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments, has many advantages and is regarded as a blue ocean in the vaccine industry. Mucosal vaccines can offer lower costs, better accessability, needle-free delivery, and higher capacity of mass immunizations during pandemics. However, only very limited number of mucosal vaccines was approved for human use in the market yet. Generally, induction of immune responses following mucosal immunization requires the co-administration of appropriate adjuvants that can initiate and support the effective collaboration between innate and adaptive immunity. Classically, adjuvant researches were rather empirical than keenly scientific. However, during last several years, fundamental scientific achievements in innate immunity have been translated into the development of new mucosal adjuvants. This review focuses on recent developments in the concepts of adjuvants and innate immunity, mucosal immunity with special interest of vaccine development, and basic and applied researches in mucosal adjuvant.
Achievement ; Adaptive Immunity ; Cooperative Behavior ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunization ; Mass Vaccination ; Pandemics ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

OBJECTIVES: To survey the awareness of patient to scrub typhus to provide data for education and communication concerning scrub typhus. METHODS: Patients with scrub typhus (case group, n=299) and people without scrub typhus within the previous 2 years (control group, n=598) were matched for age (within 5 years), gender, and occupation (farmer or non-farmer). The participants were recruited from 15 study areas between October and December 2006. RESULTS: The awareness rate of scrub typhus was 75.1%, and was significantly higher than in the case group (79.4% vs. 66.6%, respectively; p<0.01). The major routes of awareness were from 'past history of scrub typhus in family members or neighbors' (54.9%), 'television' (28.3%), and their past history of scrub typhus (5.5%). The average correct rate of scrub typhus was 48.4%, and the correct response rate of cases was significantly higher than controls (p<0.01). Especially, the correct rate of etiology, incubation period, route of transmission, and acquired immunity was <40%. Through conditional logistic regression test, the factor significantly associated with awareness in case group was age (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-0.98). And the factors associated with awareness in control group were female (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.03-2.36) age (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-0.99), family history of scrub typhus (OR, 10.18; 95% CI, 1.37-75.99), history of receiving prevention education (OR, 8.47; 95% CI, 1.14-63.00). CONCLUSIONS: The rate of awareness was relatively low in study population. Thus, effective working guidelines and educational program to prevent scrub typhus must be developed, and publicity activities about the prevention of scrub typhus are needed for high-risk groups.
Adaptive Immunity ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Occupations ; Scrub Typhus

The immune system is comprised of cells and molecules whose collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substance is referred to as the immune response. Defense against microbes is mediated by the early reaction (innate immunity) and the late response (adaptive immunity). Innate immunity consists of the epithelial barrier, phagocytes, complement and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity, a more complex defense reaction, consists of activation of later-developed lymphocytes that, when stimulated by exposure to infectious agents, increase in magnitude and defensive capabilities with each successive exposure. In this review we discuss recent advances in important primary immune deficiency disorders of innate immunity (chronic granulomatous disease, leukocyte adhesion deficiency) and adaptive immunity (severe combined immune deficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome).
Adaptive Immunity ; Complement System Proteins ; Immune System ; Immunity, Innate ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Leukocytes ; Lymphocytes ; Phagocytes