Tracheostomy can be associated with numerous complications. Here, we present a case of large hypertrophic skin of tracheostoma with tracheal granulation tissue causing malpositioning of tracheostomy tube and airway obstruction, secondary to prolong placement of a cuff tracheostomy tube due to improper tracheostomy care. This case illustrates that awareness and knowledge of proper tracheostomy tube care among medical personnel are very important to avoid any mismanagement that can cause life-threatening complications.
Tracheostomy

This study was designed to investigate the surface properties especially surface porosity of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using scanning electron microscopy. PHB granules were sprinkled on the double-sided sticky tape attached on a SEM aluminium stub and sputtered with gold(10nm thickness) in a Polaron SC515 Coater, following which the samples were placed into the SEM specimen chamber for viewing and recording. Scanning electron micrographs with different magnification of PHB surface revealed multiple pores with different sizes.
Biocompatible Materials/*analysis ; Hydroxybutyrates/*analysis ; *Materials Testing ; *Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Porosity ; Surface Properties

Aim: To assess the oral health related quality of life(OHQoL) of a selected population of Malaysian adults andto compare the OHQoL by periodontal status. Material& Methods: This cross-sectional study comprises aconvenient sampling of fifty subjects from the PrimaryCare Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya.OHQoL was assessed using the Malaysian versionof Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Basicperiodontal examination (BPE) was performed on allsubjects to determine their periodontal status. Descriptivestatistics and bivariate analysis were performed. Results:Psychological discomfort, physical pain and psychologicaldisability domains were the most affected dimensions inthis population. Subjects with income levels >RM2,500had higher impacts on their OHQoL as compared to thosefrom other income levels (p<0.05). 78% of the subjectshad some form of periodontitis (BPE scores 3 or 4) withthe other 22% recording healthy/ gingivitis status (BPE0, 1 or 2). Subjects with periodontitis experienced higherimpacts on OHQoL as compared to those with healthy/gingivitis in nearly all domains (p>0.05). Conclusion:Subjects with high income levels had high impacts ontheir OHQoL. Those with periodontitis experiencedhigher impacts on their OHQoL as compared to those whohad a healthy periodontium or gingivitis and affected awide range of domains of quality of life.

Sleep disordered b reathing ( SDB) i s increasingly bei ng diagnosed in children. However, there is no prevalence study done in Malaysia. The study objective was to evaluate the prevalence of SDB symptoms based on parental reports and associated risk factors among Malay school children aged 6 to 10 years old in a primary school using a translated University Michigan Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (Malay UM-PSQ). The children whose parents responded to the questionnaire and consented were examined, documenting height, weight, skin fold thickness, neck and abdominal circumference, tonsillar size, nostril examination and presence of micrognathia or retrognathia. There were 550 respondents. The prevalence of parental report of SDB symptoms was 14.9 % (95 % CI 11.9, 17.9). Two hundred and eighty-five (51.8%) school children were males with mean age of 8.5 years (SD 1.1). The associated risk factors for SDB symptoms are male, obesit y, large neck and waist circumference, positive history of asthma, history of recurrent tonsillitis, enlarged tonsil (>4+) and enlarged nasal turbinate. Multivariate analysis showed that male gender is the only significant independent risk factor of SDB symptoms (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2, 3.5).

Foreign body aspiration is commonly described in infants and children. However, recently, a newhigh-risk group was identified among young women, especially those from the Muslim populationwho wear the traditional hair scarf. This is due to the habit of holding the scarf pin in between thelips to free hands to adjust the scarf more easily. Talking, laughing, or coughing while fixing thescarf may result in inadvertent inhalation of the pin into the tracheobronchial tree. We present acase of scarf pin inhalation and the challenges encountered in managing this patient during thesuccessful removal of the pin via flexible bronchoscopy under fluoroscopy guidance. This particularcase was technically challenging for us as the sharp tip of the needle was pointing upward andpiercing the bronchial mucosa.

Introduction: Maternal obesity presents significant health risks to mothers and their fetuses. This study aimed to determine the proportion, associated factors and outcomes of maternal obesity among pregnant women in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2018 and March 2018 using secondary data from the Malaysian National Obstetric Registry (NOR) for the year 2015. All pregnant women with first-trimester booking at 12 weeks and below that were registered with the NOR and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were used. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22.0. A total of 2113 respondents were included in this study to determine the proportion, associated factors and outcomes of maternal obesity. Regarding the univariate and multivariate analyses, respondents were classified into two groups: normal and obese. The obese group comprised overweight and obese mothers. The underweight group was excluded in the subsequent analysis. Results: Out of the 2113 respondents, 7.1% were underweight, 41.7% were of normal weight, 28.6% were overweight, 15.9% were in obese class I, 4.6% were in obese class II, and 2.1% were in obese class III according to the WHO (1995) reference. However, when the MOH (2003) cutoff point was used, there was a marked increase in the proportion of respondents in the overweight categories by 2.7% and obesity class I by 12.8%. The Indian (AdjOR 2.06, 95% CI: 1.11, 3.83, p=0.021) and Malay (AdjOR 1.75, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.00, p=0.040) ethnicities, as well as both multiparity (AdjOR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.73, p <0.001) and grand multiparity (AdjOR 2.41, 95% CI: 1.78, 3.26, p <0.001), were significantly associated with maternal obesity. There were significant association between maternal obesity with hypertensive disorder in pregnancy (p=0.025), caesarean section delivery (p=0.002) and macrosomic infant (p <0.001). Conclusion: The identification of risk factors for maternal obesity is important to facilitate intervention programmes focused on improving the pregnancy outcomes for a high-risk group of women.

Interleukin-27 (IL-27) has a pleiotropic role either as a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine in inflammatory related diseases. The role and involvement of IL-27 during malaria was investigated and the effects of modulating its release on the production of major inflammatory cytokines and the histopathological consequences in major affected organs during the infection were evaluated. Results showed that IL-27 concentration was significantly elevated throughout the infection but no positive correlation with the parasitaemia development observed. Augmentation of IL-27 significantly elevated the release of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 whereas antagonising and neutralising IL-27 produced the opposite. A significant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-6) was also observed, both during augmentation and inhibition of IL-27. Thus, it is suggested that IL-27 exerts an anti-inflammatory activity in the Th1 type response by signalling the production of IL-10 during malaria. Histopathological examination showed sequestration of PRBC in the microvasculature of major organs in malarial mice. Other significant histopathological changes include hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the Kupffer cells in the liver, hyaline membrane formation in lung tissue, enlargement of the white and red pulp followed by the disappearance of germinal centre of the spleen, and tubular vacuolation of the kidney tissues. In conclusion, it is suggested that IL-27 may possibly acts as an anti-inflammatory cytokine during the infection. Modulation of its release produced a positive impact on inflammatory cytokine production during the infection, suggesting its potential in malaria immunotherapy, in which the host may benefit from its inhibition.

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and institution of the Movement Control Order (MCO) had resulted in the cancellation of a major orthopaedic exam in April 2020. The exam is known as the Malaysian Orthopaedic Specialist Committee (OSC) Part I Examinations. It is similar to the British Royal Colleges of Surgeons Membership (MRCS) exams and held twice annually in April and October. There are up to 200 candidates involved. With implementation of new guidelines and standard operating procedures (SOP), the OSC Part I exam was successfully held by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) from 5th-9th October 2020. Here we highlight the challenges we faced whilst coordinating a major exam at a national level during the COVID-19 pandemic with recommendations for future exams.

Long-distance running has gathered some momentum among health-conscious participants. However, some studies have revealed association between long-distance running and development of acute kidney injury. Although the impact usually lasts only for a few days after the event, some participants have been admitted for severe acute kidney injury, the minority of which require dialysis treatment. The mechanisms underlying the injury may include dehydration, development of rhabdomyolysis, heat stroke and concomitant use of NSAIDS. Unfortunately, there is no long-term follow-up study to determine the long-term effect on kidney function. Acute hyponatremia may develop in a significant proportion of long-distance runners. Majority of them were asymptomatic but a few fatal cases which were supposedly due to cerebral oedema have been reported. Excessive intake of hypotonic drinks, excessive sweating and secretion of non-osmotic antidiuretic hormone have been postulated to be the causes of hyponatremia. This mini review will discuss the pathophysiology of the development of acute kidney injury and hyponatremia. It will also discuss the prevention and treatment of both conditions