Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a widely accepted procedure for the treatment of large, fullthickness chondral defects involving various joints, but its use in developing countries is limited because of high cost and failure rates due to limited resources and support systems. Five patients (age <45 years) with focal cartilage defects received ACI at University of Malaya from 2006 to 2007 and followed up for 36 months. The average presubjective Knee Evaluation Forms (IKDC) improved from 38.44±6.29 to 25.6±8.04 postoperatively, the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) went from 25.6±8.04 to 13.96±1.63 and the American Knee Society Score (AKSS) improved from 80±14.33 to 92.96±5.82 post-operatively. Thus improvements were seen in the IKDC and AKSS score but not in the OKS. Magnetic resonance images showed the presence of cartilage tissue filling in the lateral and medial patellar facet and medial femoral condyle in three patients. Failures were seen in two patients, both with patellar defects and over the age of 36 years. Treatment with autologous chondrocyte implantation for focal cartilage defect in lateral and medial patellar facet and medial femoral condyle showed early improvement which was maintained at 3 yrs follow-up. ACI provided satisfactory outcome in focal cartilage defects involving the femoral condyle.
Chondrocytes

Juvenile hormone is an exclusive hormone found in insects which involves regulating various insect physiology. A total of eight juvenile hormones have been identified in insects which include JH 0, JH I, JH II, JH III, 4-methyl JH I (Iso- JH 0), JHB III, JHSB III, and MF. Corpora allata are the glands responsible for the production and synthesis of these hormones. They are involved in moulting, reproduction, polyethism, and behavioural regulations in different orders of insects. Factors such as diet temperatures, photoperiods, and plant compounds affect the biosynthesis and regulation of juvenile hormones. Juvenile hormones analogue is usually used to disrupt normal regulation of JH and this analogue is categorized as insect-growth regulators (IGRs) and is widely used in pest control as an alternative to chemical insecticides. Other applications of biosynthesis activities of this hormone have not been explored in the area of JHs. In this review, current applications of JHs with an addition of their future application will be discussed.