Tonsillectomy is the single most common operation performed in Ear Nose and Throat Department. Various methods of tonsillectomy have been practiced over the century aimed at reducing or eliminating intraoperative and postoperative morbidity. Due to various blood supplies received, intraoperative bleeding is the most difficult problem and securing it is time-consuming. The time taken to control the bleeding would invariably determine the length of operation. Common postoperative complications are bleeding and pain. This study evaluated the operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative pain and other postoperative complications of tonsillectomy performed by laser as compared to conventional dissection technique. This is a prospective randomized study whereby sixty patients were divided into two groups of equal number. In one group, the tonsillectomy performed by laser and in the other group the tonsillectomy performed by conventional dissection technique. Operative time and amount of blood loss is significantly reduced in the laser group. Total postoperative pain and post operative complications were not significantly different between the two groups. Tonsillectomy by using laser have shown less intraoperative bleeding and shortened the operative time. In the hospital where laser machine and expertise are available, it is justifiable to use this technique as effective method of performing tonsillectomy.
Tonsillectomy ; Lasers ; Hemorrhage ; Dissection ; Postoperative Period

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been earmarked as suitable for implantation within the human of its chemical makeup to human bone. In this paper, HA powders were synthesized via the precipitation method where phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was titrated into calcium hydroxide solution [Ca(OH)2]. Two parameters such as temperature and stirring rate were identified as factors that influenced the amount and purity of HA powder. Phase identification of the synthesized powder was done using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results show that HA phase can be synthesized from this titration process of Ca(OH)2 and H3PO4 with yield amount of HA powder around 45 - 61 grams but with less than hundred percent purity. In order to study the effect of heat treatment to HA crystals structure, HA powder was calcined at 850 degrees C for 2 hours. It's found that the degree of crystallinity increases after calcination because of lattice expansion when the materials were heated at higher temperature
Sjogren's syndrome B antibody ; Powders ; Durapatite ; Precipitation ; hydroxyl group

This is our first experience in providing general anaesthesia for robotic-assisted thyroidectomy (RAT). It is rather a new experience for our anaesthetic team and few issues should be addressed. The conduct of RAT must be fully understood and familiarized as it may present with few challenges for the anaesthesiologists. The key point of success during this learning curve period is the importance of teamwork between the anaesthesiologists and the operating surgeons. The specific anaesthetic challenges include limited access to the patient post-docking of the robot, the need of extra precautions of the anaesthetic circuit and IV line connections, a vigilant anaesthesiologists and options for postoperative pain relief.
Thyroidectomy

BACKGROUND: The extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)hold significant potential as a novel alternative to whole-cell therapy. We herein compare the therapeutic potential of BMMSCsversus their EVs (MSC-EVs) in an experimental Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage rat model. METHODS: Rats with liver damage received a single IV injection of MSC-EVs, 1 million MSCs, or 3 million MSCs. Thetherapeutic efficacy of each treatment was assessed using liver histopathology, liver function tests and immunohistochemistryfor liver fibrosis and hepatocellular injury. RESULTS: Animals that received an injection of either MSCs-EVs or 3 million MSCs depicted significant regression ofcollagen deposition in the liver tissue and marked attenuation of hepatocellular damage, both structurally and functionally. CONCLUSION Similar to high doses of MSC-based therapy (3 million MSCs), MSC-EVs mitigated the fibrogenesis andhepatocellular injury in a rat model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The anti-fibrinogenic effect was induced by attenuatinghepatic stellate cell activation. Therefore, the administration of MSC-EVs could be considered as a candidate cell-freetherapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis and hepatocellular damage.

BACKGROUND: The extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)hold significant potential as a novel alternative to whole-cell therapy. We herein compare the therapeutic potential of BMMSCsversus their EVs (MSC-EVs) in an experimental Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage rat model. METHODS: Rats with liver damage received a single IV injection of MSC-EVs, 1 million MSCs, or 3 million MSCs. Thetherapeutic efficacy of each treatment was assessed using liver histopathology, liver function tests and immunohistochemistryfor liver fibrosis and hepatocellular injury. RESULTS: Animals that received an injection of either MSCs-EVs or 3 million MSCs depicted significant regression ofcollagen deposition in the liver tissue and marked attenuation of hepatocellular damage, both structurally and functionally. CONCLUSION Similar to high doses of MSC-based therapy (3 million MSCs), MSC-EVs mitigated the fibrogenesis andhepatocellular injury in a rat model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. The anti-fibrinogenic effect was induced by attenuatinghepatic stellate cell activation. Therefore, the administration of MSC-EVs could be considered as a candidate cell-freetherapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis and hepatocellular damage.

BACKGROUND: Busulfan is an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent that is routinely prescribed for leukemic patients to induce myelo-ablation. However, it also results in azoospermia and infertility in cancer survivors. This research was constructed to explore the possible therapeutic role of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs) in improving busulfaninduced azoospermia in adult rats. METHODS: Forty two adult male albino rats were randomized into: (1) control group, (2) azoospermia group, (3) spontaneous recovery group, and (4) AFSCs-treated group, in which AFSCs were transplanted through their injection into the testicular efferent ducts. The assessment included a histo-pathological examination of the seminiferous tubules by the light and transmission electron microscopes. Additionally, the confocal laser scanning microscope was used for confirmation of homing of the implanted cells. Moreover, we conducted an immuno-fluorescence study for detection of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the spermatogenic cells, epididymal sperm count, and a histo-morphometric study. RESULTS: AFSCs successfully homed over the basement membrane of the injured seminiferous tubules. They greatly attenuated busulfan-induced degenerative and oxidative changes. They also caused a re-expression of PCNA in the germ cells, leading to resumption of spermatogenesis and re-appearance of spermatozoa. CONCLUSION AFSCs could be a promising treatment modality for male infertility induced by chemotherapy, as they possess prominent regenerative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Background/Aims: Presently, there is paucity of information about clinical predictors, especially esophageal motor abnormalities, for long segment Barrett’s esophagus (LSBE) as compared with short segment Barrett’s esophagus (SSBE). The aims of this study are to compare the frequency of esophageal function abnormalities between patients with LSBE and those with SSBE and to determine their clinical predictors. Methods: This was a multicenter cohort study that included all patients with a diagnosis of BE who underwent high-resolution esophageal manometry. Motility disorders were categorized as hypercontractile disorders or hypocontractile disorders and their frequency was compared between patients with LSBE and those with SSBE. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to calculate the odds of being diagnosed with LSBE relative to SSBE for demographics, comorbidities, medication use, endoscopic findings, and the type of motility disorders. Results: A total of 148 patients with BE were identified, of which 89 (60.1%) had SSBE and 59 (39.9%) LSBE. Patients with LSBE had a significantly larger hiatal hernia and higher likelihood of erosive esophagitis than patients with SSBE (P = 0.002). Patients with LSBE had a significantly lower mean LES resting pressure, distal contractile integral, distal latency, and significantly higher failed swallows and hypocontractile motility disorders than those with SSBE (P < 0.05). Hiatal hernia and hypocontractile motility disorder increased the odds of LSBE by 38.0% and 242.0%, as opposed to SSBE. Conclusions The presence of a hypocontractile motility disorder increased the risk for LSBE. Furthermore, the risk for LSBE was directly associated with the length of the hiatal hernia.

BACKGROUND: Busulfan is an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent that is routinely prescribed for leukemic patients to induce myelo-ablation. However, it also results in azoospermia and infertility in cancer survivors. This research was constructed to explore the possible therapeutic role of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs) in improving busulfaninduced azoospermia in adult rats. METHODS: Forty two adult male albino rats were randomized into: (1) control group, (2) azoospermia group, (3) spontaneous recovery group, and (4) AFSCs-treated group, in which AFSCs were transplanted through their injection into the testicular efferent ducts. The assessment included a histo-pathological examination of the seminiferous tubules by the light and transmission electron microscopes. Additionally, the confocal laser scanning microscope was used for confirmation of homing of the implanted cells. Moreover, we conducted an immuno-fluorescence study for detection of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the spermatogenic cells, epididymal sperm count, and a histo-morphometric study. RESULTS: AFSCs successfully homed over the basement membrane of the injured seminiferous tubules. They greatly attenuated busulfan-induced degenerative and oxidative changes. They also caused a re-expression of PCNA in the germ cells, leading to resumption of spermatogenesis and re-appearance of spermatozoa. CONCLUSION AFSCs could be a promising treatment modality for male infertility induced by chemotherapy, as they possess prominent regenerative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory potentials.

Purpose: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigated assisted reproductive technology (ART) success in infertile men with clinical varicocele and abnormal semen parameters who underwent varicocele repair (VR) before the ART procedure as compared to those who did not. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of the Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted using a specific query string to identify studies examining the impact of VR on ART outcomes, including fertilization rate, clinical pregnancy, pregnancy loss, and live-birth rate, until October 2023. Outcomes were analyzed based on the type of ART. Studies on VR in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia and those who underwent ART only due to female factor infertility were excluded from the study. Results: Out of 1,554 articles reviewed, only 9 met the inclusion criteria for the study. All the included articles were observational studies. The variability in study quality in the included literature resulted in a moderate overall risk of bias. Data analysis showed that for intrauterine insemination, there was no difference in the clinical pregnancy rate (odds ratio [OR] 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42, 2.45; p=0.97). However, for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), men with VR showed a significant improvement in fertilization rate (mean difference 10.9, 95% CI: 5.94, 15.89; p<0.01), clinical pregnancy rate (OR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.78; p=0.01) and live-birth rate (OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.45, 2.97; p<0.01), compared to men who did not undergo VR. Conclusions The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that VR has a positive impact on pregnancy and live birth rates after ICSI. However, biases like small sample sizes and heterogeneous populations highlight the need for larger, well-designed prospective studies to validate these findings.

Purpose: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we investigated assisted reproductive technology (ART) success in infertile men with clinical varicocele and abnormal semen parameters who underwent varicocele repair (VR) before the ART procedure as compared to those who did not. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of the Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted using a specific query string to identify studies examining the impact of VR on ART outcomes, including fertilization rate, clinical pregnancy, pregnancy loss, and live-birth rate, until October 2023. Outcomes were analyzed based on the type of ART. Studies on VR in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia and those who underwent ART only due to female factor infertility were excluded from the study. Results: Out of 1,554 articles reviewed, only 9 met the inclusion criteria for the study. All the included articles were observational studies. The variability in study quality in the included literature resulted in a moderate overall risk of bias. Data analysis showed that for intrauterine insemination, there was no difference in the clinical pregnancy rate (odds ratio [OR] 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42, 2.45; p=0.97). However, for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), men with VR showed a significant improvement in fertilization rate (mean difference 10.9, 95% CI: 5.94, 15.89; p<0.01), clinical pregnancy rate (OR 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.78; p=0.01) and live-birth rate (OR 2.07, 95% CI: 1.45, 2.97; p<0.01), compared to men who did not undergo VR. Conclusions The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that VR has a positive impact on pregnancy and live birth rates after ICSI. However, biases like small sample sizes and heterogeneous populations highlight the need for larger, well-designed prospective studies to validate these findings.