No abstract available.
Reproduction*

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Temporary soft relining materials are used in a diverse clinical situations such as tissue conditioner, relining material, functional impression by varying its viscoelasticity. However, reproduction of consistent viscoelasticity has been not possible. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Considering setting mechanism of this material, this study has measured the effect of varying amount of void in dynamic viscoelasticity of soft relining material, with three different mixing methods. In each methods 10 specimens were made and subjected to dynamic viscoelastic test which were measured at specific times over period of 72 hours. RESULTS: The analysis of the result shown that there was no statistically significant differences between different mixing methods. CONCLUSION: Different mixing methods had no effect over control of viscoelasticity of soft lining material. Further research is recommended for under similar oral environmental condition.
Reproduction

Void-free impression taking is important for the fabrication of accurate dental restorations.One of the essential properties of an impression material used for indirect fabrication of precision castings is the reproduction of the fine detail. The objective in this study was to determine the influence of mixing methods on the number of voids and surface detail reproduction.The number of voids and surface detail reproduction were evaluated with the stereomicroscope SZ-PT and photographed. The results were as follows; 1.In comparison of the void formation according to mixing methods of all impression materials,mechanical mixing was better than hand mixing and there was significant difference(P<0.05). 2.In comparison of the void formation according to hand mixing of alginate impression materials(TOKUSO A-1 alpha ,CAVEX IMPRESSIONAL ,AROMA FINE DF III), there was no significant difference among alginate groups.But the number of void was increased in the order of Panasil contact,TOKUSO A-1alpha , Permlastic light bodied and there was significant difference(P<0.05). 3.In comparison of the void formation according to mechanical mixing of alginate impression materials(TOKUSO A-1 alpha, CAVEX IMPRESSIONAL, AROMA FINE DF III), there was no significant different among alginate groups.But the number of void was decreased in order of TOKUSO A-1 alpha, Permlastic light bodied,Panasil contact and there was significant difference(P<0.05). 4.In comparison of the surface detail reproduction according to mixing methods of 3 types of impression materials(TOKUSO A-1 alpha, Permlastic light bodied,Panasil contact), there was no significant difference between hand mixing and mechanical mixing method 5.The surface detail reproduction was only influenced by impression materials,and produced better in order of TOKUSO A-1alpha, Panasil contact,Permlastic light bodied.There was significat difference among 3 type of impression materials(P<0.05). From the above results,void formation is influenced by mixing methods and surface detail reproduction is influenced by impression materials than mixing methods.Therefore,to fabricate accurate restorations,proper impression material and mechanical mixing method are more effective and available clinically.
Hand ; Reproduction*

The purpose of this study was to investigate the contact angles and wettability of conventional dental stones and improved dental stones and newly developed dental stones on several impression materials. Materials included in this study were several dental stones and newly developed dental stone; 2 type III stones (Snow Rock, New Diastone), 6 type IV stones(Crystal Rock, Vel Mix, Fuji Rock, Tuff Rock, Resin Rock and newly developed dental stone) and 1 type V stone (Die Keen). Contact angles on the impression materials were measured with contact angle measuring device. Ten specimens for each material, total 180 specimens were made on void entrapment model. The two impression materials (Handae, GC) were used to produce 9 groups of die stone casts form void entrapment model. Voids in the stone casts were counted under a stereoscopic microscope. The grad for the reproduction ability of each materials on the void entrapment model was calculated from the casts by one examiner. From the experiment, the following results were obtained : 1. The newly developed stones showed smallest contact angle. Type III dental stone had larger contact angles than type IV and V stones. Contact angle was much affected by the impression materials. 2. Resin containing die materials such as Tuff Rock and Resin Rock had smallest void number than any other groups. 3. In comparing reproduction parameters, Tuff Rock and Resin Rock presented superior results, while Vel Mix showed lowest reproduction ability.
Reproduction ; Wettability*

This report presented results of a retrospective study that assessed the role of the community in women’s contraceptive decisions. Participants were 1.469 women who has used and/or were using combined oral contraceptives (COCs). The results showed that FP collaborators have greatest role in advising them to use COCs, followed by the health care workers, their husbands and relatives. However, their husbands and relatives play an important role in their discontinuation of the methods. IN order to improve the quality of counseling for COC users, more attention need to be paid for counseling to their husbands and families.
Reproduction ; Contraception

A double blind randomized study was conducted from December 2001 to December 2002 in 2 communes of Vu Ban district, Nam Dinh province, on 433 women aged 16-45 divided into 2 groups. Group 1 received fish sauce without fortified iron (15ml of fish sauce/person/daily). Group 2 received iron fortified fish sauce 7.5mg iron under the form of NaFeEDTA (15mg fish sauce/person/daily). Iron fortified sauce improved significantly the anemia and iron deficit status in women with a reduce rate of 8.3% (from 24.7% to 16.4%) reaching 33.6% of efficacy of the target of programme. The rate of exhaustly iron deficit reduced by 15% (from 20.6% to 5.6%) reaching 72.8% of efficacy. Body iron store enhanced with statistical significant in group 2 versus group 1 (p<0.0001)
Iron ; Women ; Reproduction

Study was conducted on 1048 households with 6068 persons in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province, where herbicides were sprayed heavily in war. The relationship between the quantity of herbicide sprayed in war and the severity of environmental pollution at present was recorded. Epidemiological relationship between the pollution of the enviroment and abnormal reproductivity and congenital defects, which were 1.5-4 times higher after the spray versus before the spray with diverse levels among 3 communes exposed to the spray. The most common abnormal reproductivity was spontaneous abortion, then premature delivery with died infants and congenital defects, the stillbirth and hydratiform mole were with lower rate. Dioxine was transported from the enviroment to human body through the exposed food chain such as chicken, fish, duck
Reproduction ; Dioxins ; Herbicides

The first-order conditional estimation (FOCE) method is more complex than the first-order (FO) approximation method because it estimates the empirical Bayes estimate (EBE) for each iteration. By contrast, it is a further approximation of the Laplacian (LAPL) method, which uses second-order expansion terms. FOCE without INTERACTION can only be used for an additive error model, while FOCE with INTERACTION (FOCEI) can be used for any error model. The formula for FOCE without INTERACTION can be derived directly from the extension of the FO method, while the FOCE with INTERACTION method is a slight simplification of the LAPL method. Detailed formulas and R scripts are presented here for the reproduction of objective function values by NONMEM.
Bays ; Methods ; Reproduction*

NONMEM(R) is the most-widely used nonlinear mixed effects modelling tool introduced into population PK/PD analysis. Even though thousands of pharmaceutical scientists utilize NONMEM(R) routinely for their data analysis, the various estimation methods implemented in NONMEM(R) remain a mystery for most users due to the complex statistical and mathematical derivations underlying the algorithm used in NONMEM(R). In this tutorial, we demonstrated how to directly obtain the objective function value and post hoc eta for the first order approximation method by the use of R. We hope that this tutorial helps pharmacometricians understand the underlying estimation process of nonlinear mixed effects modelling.
Hope ; Reproduction* ; Statistics as Topic

No abstract available.
Aging* ; Humans ; Male* ; Reproduction*