Background: Gender-based violence originates when societal gender-based expectations and the reality are not consistent. One such example is: there has been a recent rise in women's education in the Philippines, yet the prevalence of traditional female role expectations in the context of the heavily Catholic Filipino society remains unchanged. Objectives: In this paper, the relationship between women's education and their risk of gender-based violence (GBV) is examined and compared with the relationship between the education of their partners and the women's risk of experiencing GBV. Methodology: Our sample included women living in the Philippines surveyed by the Demographic Health Survey in 2017. We used multivariate logistic regression on the respondents' and the partner's education level, with respondent's risk of experiencing GBV. Results: We found that there was a slight but statistically significant decreased risk of GBV experience with increased years of education of both the female respondents and their male partners. For all female respondents, there was a 3.7% decrease in the risk of GBV per additional year of their own education. For those with partners, there was a 2.3% decrease in the risk of GBV per additional year of their partner's education. Conclusion We found that the education of male partners is as much of a factor as the women's own education in her likelihood of experiencing violence. From this, we established that partner selection based on their education levels may act as a protective factor for an individual's likelihood of experiencing GBV. Policy initiatives should address increasing male awareness of safe behavior and violence against women, especially while traditional gender roles are still predominant in the Filipino society.
Female ; Philippines ; Gender-Based ; Violence ; Marriage Violence ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to assess marital and sexual satisfaction among patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population and to evaluate the factors that may affect these levels. METHODS: Marital and sexual satisfaction of 66 married schizophrenic patients and 162 married normal controls were assessed with Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness and Derogatis Sexual Function Inventory. We compared the differences in marital and sexual satisfaction and influential variables between these two groups through analysis of covariance with adjustment for age and the duration of marriage. Factors associated with marital and sexual satisfaction were identified with multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia showed lower satisfaction with their marriage (p=0.018) and sexual lives (p<0.001) compared to the controls. Marital satisfaction of schizophrenics was influenced by violence from spouse, whereas their sexual satisfaction was affected by age, violence from spouse, conversation frequency after sexual relations, and revealing psychiatric history to spouse before marriage. There was a significant relationship between marital and sexual satisfaction in both groups. CONCLUSION: Patients with schizophrenia may have marital and sexual problems which can be caused directly or indirectly by symptoms and course of the disease. These results suggest that evaluation and appropriate intervention in the marriage and sexual lives of schizophrenics is necessary and important.
Happiness ; Humans ; Marriage ; Schizophrenia ; Spouses ; Violence

PURPOSE: The rate of volunteering by emergency residents is currently low in Korea because of the relatively high job stress. We aimed to investigate the job stress and job satisfaction of emergency residents and we wanted to identify the related factors. METHODS: Data was collected by conducting a cross-sectional mail survey. This mail was sent to 397 emergency residents in Korea. Among them, 226 persons answered the questionnaire and 220 responses were analyzed, with excluding 6 incomplete answers. RESULTS: Age, gender, the marriage status and the type of training hospital showed no statistically significant differences in relation to job stress and job satisfaction. XXXXBut the grade of the residents, satisfaction as emergency residents, thoughts of changing their job, thoughts of leaving the emergency department, their social and economic positions and the type of work-shift showed significant differences for job stress and job satisfaction. XXX Among the job stresses, the mean scores of the job factor, the environmental factor and the reward factor were 3.45+/-0.90, 3.63 +/-0.67 and 3.55+/-0, respectively. Among job satisfaction, the mean scores of the job factor, the relationship factor and the reward factor were 3.59+/-0.67, 2.46+/-0.74 and 2.53+/-0.80, respectively CONCLUSION: The job stress of emergency residents is excessive, and especially for the environmental and reward factors, and the degree of job satisfaction is low. Management of crowding, improving the environment by changing the type of work-shift type, eradicating violence in the emergency department and adequate rewards are needed to reduce this job stress. Efforts to increase the treatment capability and positively improve the relationship of residents with other medical specialists should be made to enhance emergency residents' job satisfaction.
Crowding ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Job Satisfaction ; Korea ; Marriage ; Postal Service ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reward ; Specialization ; Violence

BACKGROUND: Violence against women in families is the most common form of violence against them. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of domestic violence and its effects on married women of Ilam. METHODS: In this descriptive-sectional research, 334 married women referred to medical health centers in Ilam were selected to participate using a random sampling method. After obtaining their consent to participate in the study, participants responded to a 46 items questionnaire and responses were analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows ver. 20.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). RESULTS: The majority of the participants reported experiencing domestic violence and emotional violence was more prevalent than other kinds of violence. Logistic regression analysis showed that lower education level, marriage at a younger age, shorter duration of marriage, fewer children, being a housewife, and husband's unemployment had a significant relationship with domestic violence against women. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of wife abuse in Ilam especially emotional violence due to lower education levels and marriage at younger age could be a serious threat for women's health as well as for other members of the family. This could be a grounding factor for other social harms such as suicide and this issue must be studied from legal, religious, and cultural standpoints.
Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Domestic Violence* ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Marriage ; Methods ; Physical Abuse ; Prevalence* ; Risk Factors* ; Spouse Abuse ; Suicide ; Unemployment ; Violence ; Women's Health

OBJECTIVETo understand the knowledge and prevalence of domestic violence (DV) among married women in rural China.

METHODSProportional to Population Size(PPS) sampling method was conducted to select 3998 women aged 18 years old and above from Jilin, Anhui and Chongqing. All the women were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire during Nov. 2004-Jan. 2005.

RESULTSThe prevalence of spousal violence against women was 64.8 % in a lifetime and 42.6% in the past 12 months before the survey. Psychological violence was the most common type, followed by physical violence and sexual abuse. The prevalence rates for psychological, physical and sexual violence in a life time were 58.1%, 29.7%, 16.7%, while 37.2%, 14.0%, 7.7% in the past 12 months before the survey. All the total DV, psychological violence and sexual violence were more commonly seen in Jilin province, while physical violence was more prevalent in Chongqing city. The prevalence rate of violence was different among people with different social-demographic characteristics. Sexual abuse became more common with the improvement of education. In total, about 1/3 women suffered two or three categories of violence at the same time. Most sexually abused women suffered one kind of violence, while half of the physically and psychologically abused women suffering two and more kinds of violent behaviors at the same time. Married women had relatively little knowledge on domestic violence and 75.2 % of the women did not even know what domestic violence was referring to and some women suffered from DV themselves but knowing nothing about its implication. In general, physical violence was better understood among interviewed women while the knowledge about psychological violence was relatively poor. Conclusion Domestic violence, psychological violence in particular, was very common in rural China, while the knowledge of DV among married women was poor, effective actions should be taken to stop DV at no time.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; Domestic Violence ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Marriage ; Prevalence ; Rural Population

OBJECT: The family Is one of the major socialization agencies far children. Parents are one of the most important models from whom the child and adolescent acquire a wide variety of behavior patterns, attitudes, values, and norms. The aim of this study was to determine the important factors related to family conflicts on juvenile delinquency and to examine relationship between marital relationship, conjugal dynamics, family violence, character of adolescent and delinquent behavior. METHODS: Data collection was done through questionnaire survey. The subjects for this study consisted of 1,943 adolescents including 707 juvenile delinquents and 1,236 adolescents students in Korea, chosen from Korean student population and adolescent delinquent population confined in juvenile corrective institutions, using proportional stratified random sampling method. sample of 1,863 adolescents aged between 12 and 18 agreed to participate f3r this study, 80 refused to participate. The actual number of cases put into the analysis was 1,863 adolescents including 657 juvenile delinquents and 1,206 adolescents students. Data were analysed by IBM PC using SAS program. In this study, independent variables were marital relationship, conjugal dynamics, sex distinction of adolescent and intermediating variables were family violence and character of adolescent including need satisfaction/frustration, antisocial personality tendency, complaints of psychosomatic symptoms, and dependent variable was delinquent behavior. Statistical methods employed were x2 test, t-test, simple correlation and path analysis. RESULTS: The results of this study were as follows In this study, the two group(delinquent adolescents and student adolescents) of adolescents were seen as quite different with regard to the variables affecting the genesis and consolidation of juvenile delinquent behavior The delinquent adolescents group were reared in the family environment that the significantly higher family violence and the more dysfunctional marital relationship and conjugal dynamic than student adolescents group. And the delinquent adolescent has the high or need frustration and antisocial Personality tendency and the more complaints of psychosomatic symptoms than student adolescents. were antisocial personality tendency(direct effect=0.262, indirect effect=0.103, total effect=0.365) and sex distinction(direct effect=0.336, indirect effect=-0.014, total effect=0.322). Family violence, character of adolescent including the extent of need illustration, complaints of psychosomatic symptoms were assumed a positive influence as direct and/or indirect paths on juvenile delinquent behavior. Marital relationship and conjugal dynamics have indirect influence on delinquent behavior among adolescents and have direct influence on family violence. CONCLUSIONS: The home environment including marital relationship and conjugal dynamics is the basis far genesis and aggravation of delinquent behavior. Maladaptive interactions within the family members and domestic violence will thus have negative consequences on a global scale including character of adolescent and delinquent behavior such as smoking, drinking, substance abuse, physical assaults etc. We suggested the cause-and-effect relationship between familial factors and juvenile delinquency. However, we should mention that this Interaction can occur in di-directions. This implies that therapeutic intervention should deal with the various links in the chain(sociofamilial, personality traits, gender difference etc.) involved in the genesis and consolidation of juvenile delinquent behavior.
Adolescent ; Antisocial Personality Disorder ; Child ; Data Collection ; Domestic Violence* ; Drinking ; Family Conflict ; Frustration ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency* ; Korea ; Marriage* ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Socialization ; Substance-Related Disorders

OBJECTIVETo examine the association between domestic violence and mental/general health status among married migrant women at reproductive age.

METHODSA total of 958 eligible married migrant women of reproductive age who were selected through community-based multiple-stage sampling method in one urban district in Shanghai and interviewed in April and May 2010. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and unconditional logistic regression model were used for data analysis.

RESULTSThe overall prevalence of domestic violence in husbands was 40.0%. Among 5 adverse outcomes related to general health and 6 adverse outcomes related to mental health, exposing to physical or sexual violence in the life time or in the previous year were associated with 2 adverse outcomes related to general health (including often in pain/discomfort and sleeping problems) and 4 adverse outcomes related to mental health (including often feeling nervous/tense/worry, easily getting frightened, crying more than usual, often feeling worthless on herself or being indifferent to the surroundings). Experience of control behavior was associated with 1 adverse outcome that related to general health (often in pain or discomfort) and 3 adverse outcomes related to mental health including easily get frightened, feeling worthless on herself or indifferent to the surroundings, Experience of emotional violence in the previous year was associated with pain or discomfort feelings. Compared with those who had never experienced any violence from husband after adjusting for potential influencing factors in logistic regression models, respondents who had ever experienced physical or sexual violence, control behavior or emotional violence, the numbers were respectively, presented 2.25-3.70 times, 1.94-4.75 times and 2.12 times, more likely to report the above-mentioned adverse health outcomes.

CONCLUSIONDomestic violence was associated with general and mental health among married migrant women at reproductive age, especially physical or sexual violence and control behaviors.

Adult ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Domestic Violence ; Female ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Marriage ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Transients and Migrants ; Women's Health ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVES: The number of marriage immigrant women has been increasing in the past several years in Korea and their adaptations to the new environment have been an important social issue. The aims of this study were to evaluate the psychosocial and mental health statuses of Vietnamese marriage immigrant women (VMIW). We intended to compare the mental health of VMIW with married Vietnamese women living in Vietnam and reveal the demographic or psychosocial factors affecting their mental health. METHOD: Subjects comprised one-hundred-forty-three VMIW who enrolled in multiculture family support centers in Chungbuk Province and forty-eight women from Vinh Phuc province in Vietnam. Marital satisfaction, domestic violence and social support were evaluated as psychosocial factors, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were used to evaluate mental health. RESULTS: VMIW had a larger age gap with their husbands but better psychosocial statuses. BDI (p = 0.20), BAI (p = 0.08), GHQ (p = 0.13) scores of VMIW were not significantly different compared to Vietnamese residents. Marriage duration of VMIW affects significantly their marital satisfaction, social support and depressive levels (p < 0.01). The level of domestic violence showed a significant difference according to the educational levels of their husbands, composition of family members and marriage process (p < 0.05). VMIW with older husbands and jobless VMIW had low levels of anxiety (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that VMIW have no difference in mental health compared to Vietnamese women living in Vietnam which is contrary to general expectations. However, various environmental factors, such as marriage duration, have an effect on the mental health of VMIW. As marriage duration is proven to be important factor on mental health of VMIW, more extended duration of care and interventions are needed to maintain good mental health. Networking system connecting mental health screenings by the multiculture family support center to the local mental healthcare center is needed to care those with poor screening outcomes.
Anxiety* ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Chungcheongbuk-do ; Delivery of Health Care ; Depression* ; Domestic Violence ; Emigrants and Immigrants* ; Emigration and Immigration ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Marriage* ; Mass Screening ; Mental Health ; Psychology ; Spouses ; Vietnam ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Eighty-three of 114 original articles and abstracts of research published by neuropsychiatrists of Chosun Chongdokbu Hospital (the Japanese colonial government hospital in Korea) and Keijo (Seoul) Imperial University Hospital during the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945) in journals including Shinkeigaku-zassi (Neurologia), Seishin-shinkei-gaku zassi (Psychiatria Et Neurologia Japonica), and The Journal of Chosun (Korea) Medical Association were reviewed. Most articles were on clinical research based on descriptive and biological psychiatry while only 4 articles were on dynamic psychiatry, probably because Japanese pioneers in psychiatry had introduced German psychiatry into Japan during the 1880s. The first paper was written by Dr. Shim Ho-sub. Professor Kubo of Keijo (Seoul) Imperial University published most articles, followed by Dr. Hikari, Dr. Hattori, and Dr. Sugihara. There were more articles on symptomatic psychosis and morphine addiction, followed by general paralysis, schizophrenia, neurological diseases, narcolepsy, epilepsy, and neurasthenia. The meaningful articles even for today were comparative studies between Japanese and Koreans and articles on opioid use disorder in Korea. Authors reported a markedly lower rate of psychotic inpatients in the population of Koreans compared with Japanese. Japanese researchers argued that, because of simpleness in social life in Korea and less violence or excitement in symptoms, Korean mental patients could be cared for by family or members of the community, or be treated by shamanism rather than bringing them to a public mental hospital, and poverty also prohibited hospital care. Finding of higher ratio of schizophrenia to manic-depressive psychosis among Koreans than Japanese was discussed in relation to delayed cultural development of Korea compared to Japan. In addition, traditional customs prohibiting marriage between relatives in Korea was related to low prevalence of manic-depressive psychosis, local endemic malaria was related to low prevalence of general paresis, and poor general hygiene was related to high prevalence of epilepsy. Unclear (undifferentiated) form of psychotic symptoms including hallucination and delusion was reported in more Koreans than Japanese. Also Korean patients showed a more atypical form in diagnosis. Authors added that they had found no culture-specific mental illness in Korea. However, no Korean psychiatrists were included as author in such comparative studies. Comparative studies on constitution between Koreans and Japanese mental patients and prisoners were also unique. However, no Korean psychiatrists participated in such comparative studies. In studies on morphine addiction in Koreans, Japanese researchers argued that such studies were necessary to prevent introduction of morphine-related criminal phenomena to Japan. Meanwhile, Dr. Kubo had left a notion on adaptation problems of Japanese living in the foreign country, Korea. Nevertheless he reported nothing about psychosocial aspects of mental illness in relation to political, cultural, and economic difficulties Koreans were experiencing under the colonial rule of Japan. These general trends of studies based on German biological and descriptive psychiatry and policies of colonial government to isolate "dangerous" mental patients in hospital appeared to reflect colonial or ethnopsychiatry of those days. These policy and research trends seem to have worsened stigma attached to mental disorders. Japanese tradition of psychiatric research was discontinued by return home of Japanese scholars with the end of WWII and colonial rule.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Biological Psychiatry ; Bipolar Disorder ; Constitution and Bylaws ; Criminals ; Delusions ; Diagnosis ; Epilepsy ; Ethnopsychology ; Hallucinations ; Hospitals, Psychiatric ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Inpatients ; Japan ; Korea ; Malaria ; Marriage ; Mental Disorders ; Mentally Ill Persons ; Morphine Dependence ; Narcolepsy ; Neurasthenia ; Neuropsychiatry ; Neurosyphilis ; Poverty ; Prevalence ; Prisoners ; Prisons ; Psychiatry* ; Psychotic Disorders ; Schizophrenia ; Shamanism ; Violence