INTRODUCTION: Rhinophyma, aside from persistent centrofacial redness is a major diagnostic criteria for rosacea. Phyma may be mistaken for hypertrophy of tissue due to an underlying hemangioma. CASE REPORT: A 35-year-old female presented with few erythematous papules on the face and nose 19 years prior to consult. Lesions evolved into multiple erythematous nodules on nose and was mistaken for tissue hypertrophy due to an adjacent congenital hemangioma. Her hemangioma was treated with pulsed dye laser 16 years prior with noted decrease in size and erythema. Recently she noticed enlargement of her nose with persistent redness. She presented with multiple firm, thick irregularly shaped erythematous nodules with prominent pilosebaceous pores and telangiectasia on the nose. Skin punch biopsy was done which revealed hypertrophy and lysis of sebaceous lobules with a moderately dense inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes. Histopathological diagnosis was rhinophyma. Patient was treated with low dose isotretinoin (0.20 mkd) with marked flattening of lesions in just one month. CONCLUSION: Distinguishing phyma from tissue hypertrophy caused by hemangioma poses as a diagnostic challenge. Careful dermatological examination and histopathological findings will aid in correct diagnosis. Low dose oral isotretinoin is an effective treatment for rhinophyma.
Rhinophyma ; Isotretinoin ; Rosacea ; Hemangioma ; Hydrozoa

In this review we summarize the progress made towards understanding the role of protein-protein interactions in the function of various bioluminescence systems of marine organisms, including bacteria, jellyfish and soft corals, with particular focus on methodology used to detect and characterize these interactions. In some bioluminescence systems, protein-protein interactions involve an "accessory protein" whereby a stored substrate is efficiently delivered to the bioluminescent enzyme luciferase. Other types of complexation mediate energy transfer to an "antenna protein" altering the color and quantum yield of a bioluminescence reaction. Spatial structures of the complexes reveal an important role of electrostatic forces in governing the corresponding weak interactions and define the nature of the interaction surfaces. The most reliable structural model is available for the protein-protein complex of the Ca(2+)-regulated photoprotein clytin and green-fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Clytia gregaria, solved by means of Xray crystallography, NMR mapping and molecular docking. This provides an example of the potential strategies in studying the transient complexes involved in bioluminescence. It is emphasized that structural studies such as these can provide valuable insight into the detailed mechanism of bioluminescence.
Animals ; Anthozoa ; physiology ; Aquatic Organisms ; physiology ; Bacteria ; metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; metabolism ; Hydrozoa ; physiology ; Imidazoles ; metabolism ; Luciferases ; metabolism ; Luminescent Measurements ; instrumentation ; methods ; Luminescent Proteins ; metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Binding ; Pteridines ; metabolism ; Pyrazines ; metabolism ; Scyphozoa ; physiology ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence