Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; psychology

China ; Demography ; HIV Infections ; HIV-1 ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male

Male homosexuality is a complex phenomenon which is universal and with unknown causes. Researchers believe that both biological and environmental factors have played a role in its pathogenesis. Researches focusing on genetics, neurobiology, development and endocrinology have made certain progress. In this paper, we have reviewed the biological causes of male homosexuality, which may provide clues for further research in this field.
Developmental Biology ; Endocrinology ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Neurobiology

China ; HIV Infections ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the sexual transmission behaviors among HIV-positive MSM population engaging in unprotected sexual behaviors, as well as the relationship with health conditions and partner notification.

METHODSA total of 308 HIV-positive MSM participants engaged in unprotected sexual behaviors were recruited by "snowballing" sampling in Shanghai and Chengdu. The questionnaire covered such items as the time of HIV infection diagnosis, CD4⁺ T cells count, viral load, antiviral therapy, anxiety and depressive symptoms, sexual partner types and sexual behaviors in the past six months, disclosure to fixed sexual partners and casual sexual partners among others.

RESULTSOf the 308 participants surveyed, the report rate of those having at least one-time sexual transmission behaviors during the past 6 months was 70.1% (216/308). Participants who had primary sexual partners and casual sexual partners following their HIV infection diagnosis accounted for 89.0% (274/308) and 68.2% (210/308) respectively. Of the aforementioned participants, 59.1% (162/274) and 94.3% (198/210) respectively had not disclosed their HIV infection to primary and casual sexual partners. Of thoes who did not disclose their HIV infection to primary sexual partners, 91.9% (147/162) reported sexual transmission behaviors. Of thoes who did not disclose their HIV infection to casual sexual partners, 89.9% (178/198) continue sexual transmission. As found in a multi-factor analysis, the infection risk exposure of those with heterosexual sexual orientation and engagement in sexual transmission behaviors was six times higher than those with homosexual orientation (aOR = 5.896, 95% CI: 1.808-19.232). For those who did not, or partially disclose their HIV infection to male casual sexual partners or commercial sexual partners, the risk exposure of further transmission was 29 times and 19 times higher than those disclose it to their sexual partners (no disclosure: aOR = 28.957, 95% CI: 7.511-65.004; partial disclosure: aOR = 18.956, 95% CI: 6.995-57.417). The highest risk came from those who continue their sexual transmission behavior within six months of their HIV infection diagnosis; the lowest risk came from those continue such behavior more than one year and within two years of their diagnosis (aOR = 0.048, 95% CI: 0.033-0.788); such risk rose to some extent for those continue such behavior over two years of their diagnosis. Compared to those without antiviral therapy, participants with the therapy pose less risk in sexual transmission behaviors.

CONCLUSIONMore than two-thirds of HIV-positive MSM population who engage in unprotected sexual behaviors reported sexual transmission behaviors. In this regard, increasing antiviral therapy and promoting sexual partner disclosure constituted an effective strategy to minimize further transmission among HIV-positive MSM population. Intervention of sexual transmission behaviors should be addressed to those diagnosed of HIV infection within six months.

China ; HIV Infections ; transmission ; HIV Seropositivity ; Homosexuality ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Viral Load

Bisexuality ; psychology ; Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Health Promotion ; Homosexuality, Female ; psychology ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Singapore ; Transgender Persons ; psychology

The AIDS epidemic in men who have sex wlth men (MSM) in recent years showed a sharp upward trend, looking for behavioral intervention strategies should be imperative. Fear appeals by fear prompted intervention received intervention information, provide a new breakthrough to achieve better effect of propaganda and intervention. After over 70 years development, the Fear Appeal generated from the driver model that proposed the fear decided the effectiveness of behavior intervention, to the extended parallel process model theory which integrated protection motivation theory and parallel process theory, both of which believed the fear is just one of the estimators, suggested fear is the key factor. The fear appeal theory is turning to be even more comprehensive and accurate. As an important theoretical basement, the fear appeal is still developing, and need more work to make it perfection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; psychology ; Fear ; Health Promotion ; methods ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male

Adult ; HIV Seropositivity ; psychology ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior

Adult ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Students ; psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Unsafe Sex

OBJECTIVETo study the practical survey method on estimating the size of male homosexual population.

METHODSNine male homosexual gathering spots were selected and three methods as division method, capture-mark-recapture method and multiplier method were applied in counting the numbers of homosexual men in one city in Sichuan province.

RESULTSNumber of counting through division method was 877 and the three numbers through capture-mark-recapture method were 1408, 1207 and 949 respectively. However, appropriate data was not obtained by multiplier method.

CONCLUSIONSDivision method was easy to operate with its high credibility, but costly. Capture-mark-recapture method was less costly less both in capital and time, and the results could be testified to each other. Multiplier method should be modified before applied to obtain reliable information.

China ; Homosexuality, Male ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Statistics as Topic ; methods