Introduction: Dry eye is a common but under-diagnosed problem in the general population. Lack of standardised diagnostic protocol causes prevalence of dry eye varied widely in different populations. Nevertheless, effective management rests largely on the accurate diagnosis and identification of the contributing risk factors. Methods: In a cross sectional study, socio-demographic, lifestyle and medical history data were collected from 157 respondents. A validated six-item questionnaire was used to determine the dry eye symptoms. Dry eye was determined by using Schirmer’s test. Fluorescein staining test and tear break up time (TBUT) test were performed to characterise the dry eye. Results: Using the Schirmer’s test, 33.8% of respondents had dry eyes. The likelihood of dry eye increased among Malay females in the seventh decade. The most frequently reported symptom was sensation of dryness of the eye. Although only 22.6% of dry eye cases were symptomatic, up to 47.2% of them may developed surface changes detectable by fluorescein dye test. Ethnicity (p=0.019) and diabetes mellitus (p=0.049) were significantly associated with dry eye. Conclusion: Dry eye could be subclinical but clinical tests in potential risk groups can lead to better detection of this condition and allow prescription of appropriate treatment for affected patients. Keywords: Dry eye symptoms; Dry eye syndrome
Eye

A study on 94 patients with the ocular injuries during 2000-2001 in Hue hospital has shown that the disease occurred in the man (women = 3,27/1). Injuries in the living activities was 52,2% followed by social injuries (26,8%), the results of treatment found that negative vision (17,39%), visionability of 3/10 (20,65%), 4/10-7/10 (22,83%) and 8/10 and more than (18,48%).
Eye Diseases ; Eye Injuries

No abstract available.
Eye ; Eye Movements

Objective: This study determined the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) in a community located in a highaltitude tropical city in the Philippines. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Barangay Lualhati in Baguio City from March 2019 to September 2022. Convenience sampling was done in recruiting adult permanent residents of the community. The participants underwent standardized DED evaluation consisting of symptom questionnaire, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) scoring, slit-lamp examination, fluorescein tear break-up time (TBUT) measurement, ocular surface fluorescein and lissamine green staining, and Schirmer test with and without topical anesthesia. DED was classified as aqueous tear deficiency type, evaporative type, or mixed type. Results: Data from 272 participants were analyzed which represented 23% of the adult population of the community. There were 111 participants who fulfilled the DED definition, and the prevalence rate of DED was 41%. The mean age of those with DED was 43.0 ± 17.6 years while the mean age of those without DED was 51.8 ± 16.6 years (p<0.001). More females (60%) had DED than males (40%). Majority (82%) reported use of digital devices as the main exacerbating factor. Mean OSDI score was significantly higher in those with DED than in those without DED (27.2 + 6.8 and 10.7 ± 6.4, respectively) (p<0.001). Corneal and conjunctival staining scores were also significantly higher in subjects with DED. Evaporative DED was the most common (88.3%). Mixed-type DED was seen in 11.7%. None had pure aqueous tear deficiency dry eye. Conclusion The prevalence rate of DED is greater in areas of higher altitude and DED can be exacerbated by prolonged screen time. This condition is no longer just a problem of the elderly and is now also seen in younger patients. All symptomatic patients should undergo tear break-up time evaluation since evaporative or short TBUT is the predominant type of DED.
Dry Eye Syndromes ; Eye ; Eye Disease

PURPOSE: To compare electroretinogram (ERG) waveforms acquired using an ERG-jet electrode and a Burian-Allen electrode. METHODS: ERGs were recorded with an ERG-jet electrode and a Burian-Allen electrode from both eyes of 29 volunteers. Three consecutive recordings were obtained with both electrodes from the left eye of another 6 volunteers. Peak-to-trough amplitudes and peak implicit times were compared between both eyes, and between the 2 types of electrodes. Interpersonal and intrapersonal variation were also compared. RESULTS: The differences in amplitude and implicit time between the right and left eyes were not influenced by the type of electrode. The amplitude of the ERG acquired using the Burian-Allen electrode, however, showed significant differences between both eyes, contrary to the amplitude acquired using the ERG-jet electrode. ERG recordings obtained using the ERG-jet electrode generally showed higher amplitude, shorter implicit time, and less interpersonal and intrapersonal variation than ERG recordings obtained using the Burian-Allen electrode. CONCLUSIONS: In this application, the ERG-jet ERG electrode appeared to be superior to the Burian-Allen electrode in terms of both usefulness and consistency.
Electrodes ; Eye

The purpose of this review is to examine the ways in which eye position and eye movements are measured in order to justify the choice of method for the study concerning the eye movement control systems. The oculomotor control systems were reviewed previously as a viewpoint of measuring objects. Because of the different aspects of eye movement which have been considered, various techniques have been developed-each having its own characteristics of range, sensitivity, bandwidth, stability and ease of application. This study is directed at discussing the pros and cons inherent in a basic method of measurement and to indicate the interesting historical development of oculography as new technologies were employed. Various methods are summarized and photo-electronic method(Limbus tracking technique) was chosen which is most available for the future experimentation.
Eye Movements*

Ultrasonic pachymetry was carried out in 300 eyes of normal, myopic, and senile cataract patients with Alcon Surgical Pachymeter. The mean central corneal thickness was 0.527mm+/- 0.034mm. Corneal thickness wa significantly correlated with age, axial length, and sex. No statistical correlation was found between corneal thickness and the right or left eyes, corneal curvature, and ocular tention (within normal range). Pachymetric results were consistent if a good applanation of the probe occurred. Thus, reliable data could only be obtained by skilled user.
Ultrasonics ; Eye

This 37 year-old male patient underwent high resolution CT imaging of the face including paranasal sinuses following trauma. Computed tomography (CT) has a well-established role in the assessment of the facial bones in the context of trauma, in particular for fractures involving the paranasal sinuses and orbit. High resolution imaging permits isotropic reconstruction in multiple planes. Its use in imaging the contents of orbit itself is more select, with both direct clinical examination and even orbital ultrasound used to assess the globe and lens of the eye.1 Traumatic dislocation of the lens of the eye may entail the partial or complete translocation of the lens from its normal position within the anterior aspect of the eye.2 The high attenuation lens ‘floats’, within the vitreous of the globe (Figures 1, 2 and 3). Following trauma to the face the injuries may be multiple and cross sub-speciality boundaries, but one should be alert to all injuries. In reviewing CT images one should be forensic in the review of all the anatomy covered, even it is not related to the original clinical query or not pertinent to one’s own clinical speciality. As an old mentor once told me, ‘Before you take the film down, have one last paranoid look.’ Learning Point: Always review the entirety of the imaging performed despite the focus of one’s clinical or speciality interest.
Eye ; Face

Professor Salvador Salceda described the history of Philippine eye banking as “a fascinating if not frustrating one”. This is evident in his Geminiano de Ocampo Medical Research Foundation Centennial Lecture where he traced the ebb and flow of Philippine eye banking from 1948 until the birth of the Eye Bank Foundation of the Philippines in 1994 and the start of operations of its Medical Eye Bank in 1995.1 The story of Philippine eye banking remains a fascinating one, but it has fortunately also been blessed with many moments of success and satisfaction even while still laden with frustration. In an editorial about the Eye Bank in 2005, I wrote that “while the achievements after ten years of operations can be considered a success story, we have really only started to plant the seeds”.2 And now, thirty years hence, after the COVID-19 pandemic that saw the number of cornea retrieval procedures plunge throughout the world, I believe we are starting to reap the harvest from the seeds planted throughout the last three decades.
Eye Banks

Supranuclear ocular movements comprise mainly vertical and horizontal movements. Vertical movements are controlled by the centres located mainly at the rostral midbrain and horizontal movements at the level of the pons.1 Pontine tegmental lesions usually present with gaze palsies, internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), abducens palsy and one and a half syndrome. Usually, one and a half syndrome is produced by a unilateral caudal pontine tegmental lesion that includes the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) and medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) on the same side causing horizontal gaze palsy in one eye and INO in the other eye.2 Similarly, vertical one and a half syndrome has also been described. The literature on co-existence of horizontal and vertical one and a half syndrome is few. The co-existence of horizontal and vertical one and a half syndrome with ocular tilt reaction (OTR) has not been reported so far. Here, we report a patient who presented with left horizontal one and a half syndrome along with bilateral conjugate upgaze palsy and right downward palsy suggestive of vertical one and a half syndrome and left ocular tilt reaction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain revealed infarct in left rostral midbrain with sparing of pons
Eye Infections