The purposes of this study were to develop the standard indicators to evaluate the food and nutrition systems in hospitals and to test the validity of those items scientifically. The results were as follows: First, the conceptual validity was examined with recognition degrees of importance from the hospital nutrition department managers. All of the hospital nutrition department's operation evaluation standards and the indicators' conceptual validity tested were in the range of 3.71~4.93 out of 5.0, and the mean score was 4.36. Therefore, the conceptual validity was verified. Second, to verify the factor validity of the items of the standards and indicators for the hospital nutrition department's operation evaluation, the standards and indicators were analyzed as key-factors. Key-factor analysis after vertical rotation showed that four factors appeared and were composed of (a) facilities management, (b) sanitation management, (c) operation & foodservice management, and (d) nutrition management. Third, the reliability of the standards and indicators for the hospital nutrition department's operation evaluation was analyzed and resulted in a score of 0.98, which showed good internal consistency. Fourth, the discriminative power of each item of the standards for the hospital nutrition department's operation evaluation was tested by checking the differences between groups with first quartile and forth quartile of total evaluation scores. The indicators having low distinction power were modified into obligatory items or eliminated for better differentiation.
Sanitation

This study was conducted at 60 communes of Quan Ba and Yen Minh districts (Ha Giang). Chiem Hoa district (Tuyen Quang). The results showed that some behaviors of individual sanitation involved in preventing diseases in community were quite bad. Among of 6012 interviewed people, 71.1% of people sad that always drink unboiled water, only 0.2% of people usually wash their hands before having the meal; 29.4% of households have personal face-cloth use only, and only 4.1% of households rot manure over 6 months before using for crops.
Sanitation ; Epidemiology

Cross-sectional surveys were carried out in ThuaThien-Hue province successively in 1993, 1997 and 2000. Percentage of households using tap water in Hue city: 1993: 71.6%; 1998: 76.9%; 2000: 87.5%. However the percentage of households having clean latrines was still low: 1993: 49.3%; 1998: 63.3%; 2000: 52.9%. This was due to the damages caused by the severe flood, which occurred in November - December 1999.
Sanitation ; Environment

A survey on working sanitary conditions during 1992-1996 including microclimate, light, noise, dust, poisoned gas, radioactive showed that: sample proportion had not achieved sanitary standards was about 20-30%. The job accident and casualties caused by on the job accident have been increasingly. The ability to examine and identify occupational diseases was limited. There was the coordination between organizations and sectors to organise conferences, training courses on labour safety, first and for on-the-job accident, prevention of poisoning pesticide for 663 people.
Sanitation ; Employment

Center of Preventive Medicine of Thua Thien Hue province had surveyed the situation of environmental sanitation after flooding at 30 random areas on May 2000. The rate of damaged toilets was 55,5%; rat or deteriorated wells was 42,95%. Testing the quality of water in digging-wells showed that only 27,1% (microbiology) and 42,4% (chemical) reached standard these rate of drilling-well were 41,7% and 16,7%, respectively.
Sanitation ; Water

This study was carried out to evaluate environmental factors at Ha Nam General Hospital. The result showed that: about 640 kg of solid waste is generated everyday of which 22% is toxic. The equipments and infrastructure are under ability for treating this waste. Almost of the microclimatic parameters are in the normal value, but the illumination is a little low. The physical and chemical parameters in supplied water at the hospital are within the permitted standard. The hospital need to equip tools and equipment for collecting, transportation and treatment this waste according to the standards of Viet Nam Ministry of Health, standard waste bins
Environment, Sanitation

A study of environmental sanitation in Bac Ninh General Hospital was carried out in 2004 with certain objects: 145 patients and their relatives, 37 people living near the hospital, 35 health workers, and 5 managers of the hospital… The hospital delivered about 1570 kg of waste daily; 340 kg of them was dangerous and must be treated in special way. The hospital implemented medical solid waste management and treatment well; the incinerator had worked effectively in making the hospital’s environment fresh. The medical solid waste treatment system of this hospital was a good sample
Sanitation, Environment

We conducted a study on the situation of people knowledge in water hygienic latrine. Results showed that the rate of knowledge of water resource sanitation was low. 14.8 - 32.3% of interviewees knew 2 and more than hygienic water resources. 24.3% - 44.2% of interviewees knew 2 method of cleaning the water resources. 36.7% - 42.6% of interviewees knew the major ways of transmission of digestive diseases. 35.7%-47.4% of interviewees knew 2 and more than methods of prevention of digestive diseases. The hygienic information come from television, radio, newspaper, health staffs, and volunteers. More than 80% of households were supported by different resources to improve the quality of drinking water and hygienic latrine.
Sanitation ; Toilet Facilities ; water

A surveillance on the situation of school sanitary at 89 schools during the school year of 1999-2000 and an investigation on knowledge for disease preventive sanitation at 26 primary and secondary schools showed the school sanitary still had many problems: 50,56% of schools had enough areas; 47,19% of schools had enough areas for plantation; 31,46% of schools had sufficient playing ground. There were many limitations on class sanitary; 48,31% of schools had adequate lighting in classes; 59,55% schools had desks with proper standards; 74,6% boards met requirements. Lack of toilets in schools: 46,08% schools had enough toilets; 64,06% had enough pees; 40,45% had enough boiled water for pupils.
School Health Services ; Sanitation

Survey was conducted 11 months before and after the intervention, concerning the communication-education of health. Household samples were selected from 6 villages of Tan Trao commune, Thanh Mien district, Hai Duong province. The model of communication – health communication in Cultural village was established after intervention. It improved the knowledge, the attitude and the practice of the people on enviromental sanitation/ 3 hygiene constructions. The knowledge was enhanced dramatically. The attitude on sanitation/3 hygiene construction was also improved, the rate of people who concern to the sanitation and 3 hygiene constructions increased from 17.1% to 59.5%; hygienic drinking water source increased from 55.1% to 73.7%; the rate of good sanitation household increased from 10.9% to 27.3%; good drainage of liquid waste from 7% to 25.3%. In average, each household had had 1.39% times to reconstruct or to repair the constructions of hygiene and the sanitation facilities during the intervention.
Sanitation ; education ; Hygiene