hTe rate of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues is 3%-5%. hTe ifrst-in-class ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor, crizotinib, can effectively target these tumors repre-sent a signiifcant advance in the evolution of personalized medicine for NSCLC. A randomized phase III clinical trial in which superiority of crizotinib over chemotherapy was seen in previously treated ALK-positive NSCLC patients demonstrated dura-ble responses and well tolerance in the majority of ALK-positive NSCLC patients treated with crizotinib. However, despite the initial responses, most patients develop acquired resistance to crizotinib. Several novel therapeutic approaches targeting ALK-positive NSCLC are currently under evaluation in clinical trials, including second-generation ALK inhibitors, such as LDK378, CH5424802 (RO5424802), and AP26113, and new agents shock protein 90 inhibitors. hTis review aims to present the current knowledge on this fusion gene, the treatment advances, and novel drug clinical trials in ALK rearranged NSCLC.

This research introduced four models of overseas physician competency assessment , and their methodology ,and hotspot′Milestone′project in the USA. The authors propose to provide a national assessment benchmark in favor of industry consensus. In terms of physician assessment methods ,they recommended to test the validity and reliability of these tools ,rather than merely focusing on the development of new assessment tools. Regarding physician assessment phasing ,the paper proposed to build a dynamic and process-based assessment system .

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality currently. Early diagnosis is crucial to the good prognosis of lung cancer. Evidence has shown that low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening can make the decline in the mortality of lung cancer. However, there are still many problems in the screening, such as, high false-positive rates, overdiagno-sis and radiation exposure. As another non-invasive tumor screening method, blood-based tumor markers showed a high sen-sitivity and speciifcity in early diagnosis of lung cancer in recent years. How to establish a comprehensive mode for lung cancer screening by use existing screening methods, we need more clinical research.

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have brought great clinical beneift to patients with EGFR-sensitive mutations. With the deepening of clinical and basic research, EGFR-TKIs have received more and more attention. In this review, we summarize the latest research development about EGFR-targeted drugs in 2016.

Squamous cell lung cancer (SQCLC) is one of the most prevalent subtypes of lung cancer worldwide, about 400,000 persons die from squamous-cell lung cancer around the world, and its pathogenesis is closely linked with tobacco exposure. Unfortunately, squamous-cell lung cancer patients do not benefit from major advances in the development of targeted therapeutics such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors that show exquisite activity in lungadenocarcinomas with EGFR mutations or echinoderm microtubule associated protein like-4 (EML4)-ALK fusions, respectively. Major efforts have been launched to characterize the genomes of squamouscell lung cancers. Among the new results emanating from these efforts are amplifications of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene, the discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2) gene mutation as potential novel targets for the treatment of SQCLCs. Researchers find that there are many specific molecular targeted genes in the genome of squamous-cell lung cancer patients. These changes play a vital role in cell cycle regulation, oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, squamous epithelium differentiation, may be the candidate targeted moleculars in SQCLCs. Here, we provide a review on these discoveries and their implications for clinical trials in squamous-cell lungcancer assessing the value of novel therapeutics addressing these targets.

A novel cyclin, cyclin Y, is one of the most highly conserved members of the cyclin superfamily, which is famous for their important roles in regulating the cell cycle and transcription. Recently, it was found that cyclin Y was up-regulated in many cancers. Cyclin Y may play a crucial role in tumor progression. hTe function and molecular mechanism of cyclin Y protein will be discussed in this paper.

Objective:An artificial intelligence(AI)model based on deep learning algorithms was constructed using clinical data to evaluate the feasibility of predicting the efficacy of neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods:Clinical and pathological data of 132 patients with NSCLC who were diagnosed and treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy between January 2020 and January 2024 at Beijing Chest Hospital/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute were collected.Statistical analysis was conducted to identify the main factors affecting the efficacy of neoadjuvant im-munotherapy combined with chemotherapy.Variables were selected based on statistical results and relevant literature,and a variable data-set was constructed.A deep learning model was established using a multi-layer perceptron(MLP)algorithm with 5-fold cross-validation,and the performance of the model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC).Results:Among the 132 patients,univari-ate analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences in sex(P=0.020),smoking history(P=0.004),carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA)(P=0.038)and programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)≥1%(P=0.038)between the major pathological response(MPR)and non-MPR groups.Patients in the complete pathological response(pCR)group and non-pCR groups showed statistical differences in tumor size(P=0.007)and CEA levels(P=0.010).After 5-fold cross-validation,the average area under the curve(AUC)of the MPR prediction model in the validation and test sets was 0.72 and 0.71,respectively.Conclusions:The deep learning model can effectively predict the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemoim-munotherapy in patients with NSCLC.

Post-translational modification of host proteins induced by pathogenic microorganism plays a critical role in the development, treatment and prevention of diseases. Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb) is an intracellular pathogen that causes tuberculosis. The post-translational modification induced by Mtb infection is essential in the development and progression of tuberculosis. In recent years, it has been found that Mtb-induced host protein acetylation plays an important role in the regulation of host immunity against tuberculosis, which significantly affects the development of tuberculosis. This review focused on the role and mechanism of Mtb in regulating host protein acetylation, aiming to provide reference for future investigation on potential immunotherapy for tuberculosis.

The definition of adjuvant in immunology is the non-specific immunopotentiator, which only performs auxiliary functions. With the appearance of various adjuvants and their successful application in some vaccines against infectious disease, they have received extensive attention and been studied in-depth. This review focused on the types, functions and prospects of adjuvants used in tuberculosis vaccines, aiming to provide reference for adjuvant selection and development in future.

Tuberculosis as an infectious disease is still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The current diagnosis and treatment strategies cannot solve all clinical problems. Newer and more rapid tuberculosis diagnostic technologies with higher sensitivity, as well as more personalized host-oriented treatment strategies are still the important research directions in the future. Tuberculosis-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been one of the research hot spots in recent years. A series of lncRNA candidates with the potential diagnostic value for tuberculosis have been obtained using transcriptome sequencing and microarray technology. Meanwhile, lncRNAs have been also discovered to play an important role in antimicrobial defense mechanisms by regulating immune cell differentiation, autophagy/apoptosis, inflammatory responses and other biological processes. The current findings of lncRNAs as diagnostic candidates and their roles in tuberculosis were summarized in this review.