Objective To analyze the distribution and tends of innovation technology of traditional drugs around the world. Methods Relevant patent literature about world traditional drugs in Innography patent database was retrieved by IPC class numbers combined with keywords. The patents of traditional drugs from January 1st, 2006 to December 31st, 2016 were under statistical analysis. Frequency statistics was used for trend analysis and hot spot distribution; text clustering and correlation analysis were used for hot spot analysis; patent database was used for strength analysis, to analyze the strength of drug distribution of world traditional patent; visual charts were used to display results such as trend charts, bubble charts, tree diagrams, text clustering rings, etc.. Results In the recent years, the number of patent applications of traditional drugs has been increasing year by year. China, South Korea, Japan and the United States were the main patent applications / authorized countries. Technology innovation is mainly concentrated in the medicinal compositions, crude drugs, extracts, chemical composition and health care, etc. Digestive system diseases, pain/fever/inflammation, infection, skin diseases and so on are the hot spots of traditional drug therapy. In addition to the use of clinical treatment, traditional drugs have been widely developed as cosmetics, dietary supplements, health products, beverages and other new uses. Conclusion The number of traditional drugs patents is increasing around the world. China and the United States are the leading countries of technology innovation. Chronic and intractable diseases are the hot spots of traditional drug therapy. A variety of new uses of traditional drugs have been developed.

AIM To study the improvement of quercetin on Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced lung infection in rats.METHODS Forty SPF SD rats were randomly divided into five groups,eight rats in each group:normal group,P.aeruginosa infection group,quercetin group,levofloxacin group,levofloxacin combined with quercetin group (combined group),the rats were anesthetized and then injected with P.aeruginosa in bronchus.The pathological changes of lung tissue in rats were observed,the contents of IL-4 and IFN-γcytokines,changes of transcription factors T-bet and Gata-3 in lung tissue were detected,and then semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used for the detection of IL-4,IFN-γ,T-bet and Gata-3 mRNA expressions.RESULTS The content of IL-4,levels of IL-4 and Gata-3 mRNA in lung tissue in the quercetin group,the levofloxacin group and the combined group were lower than those in the P.aeruginosa infection group,but the opposite was true in the levels of IFN-γ and T-bet mRNA.CONCLUSION Quercetin and levofloxacin can induce the differentiation from type Th2 to type Th1 for rat organism,but there is no synergistic effect between them.

The increasing number of TCM standards brings challenges to the practice of standards development,revision and comprehensive management.Therefore,empowering standards with digital technology has significant strategic significance.This article proposed a modeling method for inter standard relationships based on entity-relation model by deeply mining and interpreting the information of TCM standard titles,constructed a relationship model containing 7 relationship patterns,and demonstrated the application scenarios of the model using standard retrieval as an example,with the purpose to provide support for machine reading and using standards,improving the efficiency of TCM standard retrieval,mastering target standard related resources,and promoting the digital transformation of TCM standards.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have shown that salidroside has an ameliorative effect on multi-organ fibrosis.However,the protective effect of salidroside on angiotensin ⅱ-induced fibrosis in cardiac fibroblasts is unclear. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the protective effects of salidroside on angiotensin ⅱ-induced oxidative stress and extracellular matrix deposition in cardiac fibroblasts of Sprague-Dawley rats and its mechanism of action. METHODS:Angiotensin Ⅱ was used to induce fibrosis in cardiac fibroblasts,and there were five experimental groups:normal control group,model group(final concentration of angiotensin Ⅱ in culture medium was 1 μmol/L),salidroside low and high dose groups(treatment with salidroside 50,100 μmol/L for 2 hours,followed by co-incubation with angiotensin Ⅱ for 48 hours),SIRT1 inhibitor group(treatment with SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 10 μmol/L for 2 hours,followed by high dose of salidroside for 2 hours and then co-incubation with angiotensin Ⅱ for 48 hours).The cell viability was detected using the cell counting kit-8 method,the cell migration rate was detected by Transwell,the intracellular reactive oxygen species level was detected by DCFH-DA fluorescent probe,and the intracellular malondialdehyde content,superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were detected by relevant kits.The protein and mRNA expression levels of SIRT1,LOXL2,α-SMA,type I collagen and type Ⅲ collagen were detected by western blot and qRT-PCR,respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The cells were identified as cardiac fibroblasts by Vimentin fluorescence.Compared with the normal control group,cell viability,cell migration rate,reactive oxygen species level,and malondialdehyde content were significantly increased,superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were significantly decreased,LOXL2,α-SMA,type I collagen,type Ⅲ collagen mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased,and SIRT1 protein expression level was significantly decreased in the model group(all P＜0.01).Compared with the model group,the above indexes showed opposite changes in the salidroside low and high dose groups(all P＜0.05).Moreover,salidroside showed dose-dependent regulation.Compared with salidroside groups,cell migration rate and α-SMA protein expression level were significantly increased in the SIRT1 inhibitor group(both P＜0.001).To conclude,salidroside has a protective effect on angiotensin Ⅱ-induced cardiac fibroblasts and can dose-dependently inhibit oxidative stress and extracellular matrix deposition.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have demonstrated that icariin has important roles in promoting bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption,but its effects on osteoporosis-mediated bone pain have not been reported. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the possible mechanism of icariin alleviating bone pain in postmenopausal senile osteoporosis. METHODS:(1)Animal experiment:200 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups:sham group(n=50),model group(n=50),icariin treatment group(n=50),and carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ inhibitor(Brinzolamide)treatment group(n=50).Ovariectomy was performed on C57BL/6 mice to establish a postmenopausal osteoporosis model in all groups except the sham group.The icariin group was given icariin on the second day after modeling,and pain behavior tests(Von Frey,Hot Plate,and Tail Flick tests)were performed every 2 weeks for 20 weeks.After sampling,bone mass was detected by microCT,osteoclast activity was detected by hematoxylin-eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining,and neuronal morphology and related ion channel expression were detected by tissue immunofluorescence staining.(2)Cell experiment:Osteoclast precursor cells derived from mouse bone marrow were extracted and induced to differentiate into osteoclasts using the RANKL/M-CSF system in vitro and supplemented with icariin of different concentrations(1 and 10 μmol/L).Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was used to detect osteoclast differentiation,ghost pen cyclic peptide staining was used to detect osteoclast actin ring,bone plate absorption assay was used to detect osteoclast osteophagy function,pH value of the system was detected by pH meter,and expression of osteoclast differentiation-related proteins was detected by western blot.In addition,mouse dorsal root ganglion-derived nerve cells were extracted and treated with icariin.Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect neuronal activity and CGRP staining was used to detect neuronal morphology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the model group,the icariin treatment group had higher bone mineral density,fewer tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts in bone tissue,decreased neuronal activity,and decreased neuronal transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 channel and carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ expression.Behavioral results showed that the icariin treatment group was less sensitive to pain than the model group.Icariin inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone phagocytosis in vitro.Icariin enhanced the activity of dorsal root ganglion neurons and inhibited the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 channels in dorsal root ganglia in a relatively non-toxic pH range.To conclude,icariin alleviates bone pain caused by postmenopausal osteoporosis by regulating the acidic microenvironment through its effect on osteoclasts.

[Objective]To discuss the pathogenesis,hierarchy,treatment and medication rules of deficiency of Yang with hyperactivity of Yin syndrome in Treatise on Febrile Diseases.[Methods]Combining with the medical theory of later physicians,this paper clarifies the pathogenesis and syndrome of deficiency of Yang with hyperactivity of Yin syndrome,explains the mechanism of Yang deficiency and Yin excess syndrome from the perspective of pathophysiology.This paper also analyzes the differences among the various versions of the text of the Shaoyin Chapter including the variations in disease location,the pathogen nature,stomach Qi and body fluid,and inducts the implicit therapeutic principles in the Shaoyin Chapter.[Results]The principle of differentiation and treatment for deficiency of Yang with hyperactivity of Yin syndrome is"protecting stomach Qi and preserving body fluids",which can be subdivided into Taiyin damp earth disease,Shaoyin monarch fire disease,and Jueyin wind wood disease.Through careful observation,questioning,smelling and palpation,combined with the pathological and physiological basis of modern medicine,it can accurately diagnose deficiency of Yang with hyperactivity of Yin syndrome.Shaoyin plays a crucial role in Treatise on Febrile Diseases.The structure of the Shaoyin Chapter is well-organized and can dynamically reflect the changes in the pathogenesis of Shaoyin syndrome,the combination of Shaoyin and Taiyin or Jueyin,or the tri-coordination syndrome of these location.From the text,it can be inferred that the location of the disease begins on the surface and gradually extends to the interior.The treatment methods will include moxibustion,warming the meridians,warming Yang and dredging Yang.The severity of the illness and the presence of phlegm-fluid determine the treatment,which may involve dispersing cold,dispersing fluids,and promoting urination.The degree of exhaustion of bodily fluids may require either reviving Yang for resuscitation or nourishing Yin.[Conclusion]From a pathological and physiological perspective,the mechanisms behind the changes in the primary symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine can be explained.When treating deficiency of Yang with hyperactivity of Yin syndrome,the selection of herbal prescriptions should be based on factors such as the disease location,the pathogen nature,stomach Qi and body fluids.The treatment principles for deficiency of Yang with hyperactivity of Yin syndrome have instructive significance for the treatment of other syndromes as well.

The"lipid nephrotoxicity"hypothesis introduces the lipid metabolism disorders into the field of kidney disease research.Fatty acids as important components of lipids can be ectopic deposition in various cells of the kidney in pathological status,and are involved in the occurrence and progression of acute kidney in-jury(AKI)and chronic kidney disease(CKD).The mechanism of abnormal fatty acid metabolism in tubular epithelial cells(TEC)and its function change are closely associated with kidney injury.This article summa-rized the relationship between fatty acid metabolism in TEC with AKI and CKD,elaborated the specific mech-anism of fatty acid metabolism disorders leading to TEC injury,and discussed the treatment strategies based on regulating fatty acid metabolism disorders to improve kidney injury.

Esophageal damage in gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)is a chronic inflammation,and fibro-blasts,as esophageal stromal cells,play an important role in the oesophageal mucosal barrier and oesophageal in-flammation.Fibroblasts are closely associated with the degree of disease progression in GERD,secreting large amounts of collagen to promote oesophageal mucosal barrier repair during oesophageal damage,regulating immune homeostasis through paracrine signaling,and interacting with immune cells.In addition to secreting inflammatory products,but inappropriate fibroblast activation can induce a pro-inflammatory response.Activation of fibroblasts induces pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties promoting the presence of disease,suggesting that they may play a key role in disease progression.

Objective Doctor-patient communication may be a key factor affecting patient satisfaction.To explore the correlation between the sub factors of doctor-patient communication and patient satisfaction.Methods Using the method of ran-dom sampling,837 valid samples were collected through the network questionnaire platform,and the correlation between the sub factors of doctor-patient communication and patient satisfaction was analyzed using structural equation model.Results Commu-nication time,communication attitude,emotional support and informational support in doctor-patient communication all have a positive impact on patient satisfaction.According to the degree of impact,they are emotional support,information support,and communication attitude and communication time.The influence of communication frequency on patient satisfaction was not signifi-cant.Conclusion In doctor-patient communication,compared with other factors,emotional support(such as encouragement,respect,understanding,comfort,etc.)and information support provided by doctors for patients have the greatest impact on patient satisfaction.The attitude of doctors towards patient consultation is also a key factor affecting the satisfaction of patients.Encouraging patients to ask questions,giving patients enough communication time,and giving patients patience and respect when consulting can all have a positive impact on improving patient satisfaction.

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Nelumbinis Stamen.METHODS The methanol extract from Nelumbinis Stamen was isolated and purified by silica gel,C8 reversed phase column,Sephadex LH-20,preparative TLC and preparative HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.RESULTS Twenty-one compounds were isolated and identified as erythrodiol(1),erythordiol-3-acetate(2),2α-hydroxy-oleanolic acid(3),oleanolic acid(4),4-epi-hederagenin(5),4-epi-hederagenin methyl ester(6),28α-homo-β-amyrin acetate(7),betulinic acid(8),24-ketocholesterol(9),7β-hydroxy-sitosterol(10),7α-hydroxy-sitosterol(11),3β-hydroxy-stigmast-5-en-7-one(12),(3β,5α,6β,22E)-6-methoxyergosta-7,22-diene-3,5-diol(13),dankasterone A(14),demethylincisterol A3(15),β-sitostenone(16),β-sitosterol(17),quercetin(18),isorhamnetin(19),kaempferol(20),luteolin(21).CONCLUSION Compounds 2,4-15 are isolated from genus Nelumbo for the first time.Compound 16 is isolated from this plants for the first time.