In this paper, I tried to investigate the origin of Jingmai through examination of some important hypotheses brought up by modern scholars and introduce new hypothesis. Hypotheses about the origin of Jingmai that have been investigated in this paper are as follows. 1) Hypothesis by Joseph Needham and Kano Yoshimitsu that Jingmai is originated from hydraulic engineering or twelve rivers. 2) Hypothesis by some chinese scholars like Zhou yimou that Jingmai is originated from subjective experience of the Neishi daoist experience. 3) Hypothesis by Yamada Keiji that Jingmai is originated from moxibustion supported by shamanism. 4) Hypothesis by Li jianmin that Jingmai is originated from Daoyinshu one of the body-cultivation techniques. Hypothesis 1) has the problem of the fallacy of circular argument. I can drag the opposite resolution from the same basis used by Kano Yoshimitsu. There is the problem of misreading in the hypothesis 2). The words quoted by Zhou yimou are not related to the twelve Jingmai but Qijingbamai. Yamada Keiji and Li jianmin presuppose that at first Mai was just blood vessel. Then they follow each way as mentioned above. I agree their opinion that at the beginning Mai was just blood vessel. But I think that Mai was affected by the schema of shamanism. Mai as the vessel that not only blood but Qi go through is conceived by the schema of shamanism, I think.
*Meridians ; Qi ; Yin-Yang

's acupuncture technique is a kind of special acupuncture methods developed and improved by . It has unique curative effects on hysterical paralysis, schizophrenia, madness, epilepsy and traumatic paraplegia, etc. This acupuncture technique has the characteristics of "deep" "transparent" "moving" and "sensing". The acupoints selection is different from that of twelve meridian acupoints. The deep insertion of acupuncture needles is applied at acupoints located in the wrist joint, ankle joint and below, while the penetration needling method is applied at acupoints located in the area which has relatively thick muscles, and where meridian and -meridian are symmetric with each other. The horizontal and deep connection of acupoints and the adjustment effect of -blood and - are emphasized during treatment.
Acupuncture Points ; Meridians ; Yin-Yang

The traditional Chinese medicine property theory refers to a concept for medicines and their effects under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine theories. The traditional Chinese medicine property theory studies the formation mechanism and the application regularity of traditional Chinese medicine properties, including four Qi, five flavors, meridian entry, direction of medicinal actions (upward, downward, outward and inward) and toxicity. Embryologically, the traditional Chinese medicine property theory is closely related to medicines and their effects and heavily influenced by philosophical thoughts such as yin-yang and five elements and comparative state, thereby showing complex characteristics. This mainly reflects in that: first, medical properties are formed from multiple sources, with non-unique determination approach in early stage and non-unique corresponding effects and actions; second, medical properties are expressed in multiple characteristics, with diverse representation indicators and factors influencing actual expressions. The modern studies on the traditional Chinese medicine property theory shall focus on these complex characteristics, give attention to the dialectical unity of medical properties and effects and look for individuality as well as generality.
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Qi ; Yin-Yang

Functions of the human body in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are described in terms of Yin-Yang and the five elements. These ideas tend to be ignored in current research on TCM, since they are based on ancient Chinese philosophies which are considered incompatible with modern science. However, they may provide us with some new insights into human health and disease. In this paper, I will compare the characteristic view of human beings in TCM with that of western medicine.The view of brain function is a distinctive characteristic of TCM. In TCM, the functions of the brain are dispersed to five zang organs, including heart and liver, and are maintained by comprehensive functional interactions among the five zang organs. Therefore, in contrast to modern western medicine, brain diseases are regarded as systematic diseases in TCM, and their treatments are aimed to normalize not only the activity of the organs, but also the balance of functional interaction. Another characteristic of TCM is that much importance is attached to the interaction between human beings and the environment. This is in contrast to modern western medicine, which tends to regards human beings as independent of their environment. These features of TCM derive from its theoretical basis in Yin-Yang and the five elements. The whole idea of Yin-Yang theory is expressed by the Tai-Chi symbol (figure). The black and white areas in Tai-Chi symbol means that the whole world, including human beings, consists by two opposing components, namely, Yin (black area) and Yang (white area). Importantly, each component exists within the other component; the white and black areas contain small back and white circles, respectively. The world is considered to be infinitely divided into Yin and Yang, and each part has a similar structure to the Tai-Chi symbol. The world, including the human body, in Yin-Yang theory, therefore, has fractal geometry. In addition, interestingly, the functional interaction between the five zang organs in TCM resembles a biological model based on chaos theory.In conclusion, TCM had co-opted the basic idea of a complex system for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases thousands years ago. Research into TCM should not only evaluate the effects of herbal medicine or acupuncture, but should take into consideration the view of human beings in TCM. Such studies may help us to understand disease in terms of the relationship between humans and the environment.
Human ; Medicine ; Yin-Yang ; symbol ; Environment

The sequence of the circulations of the twelve meridians does not follow on the permutation of the yin and yang meridians,whereas it is based on the law of qi-blood circulation. The relative strength of circulation between yin and yang, the ebb and flow of qi-blood goes around and around as cycles. Yin, yang and qi-blood gather in the meridians of the Taiyin and the Yangming, mutually converting in maximum, passing the meridians of the Shaoyin and the Taiyang, and then reaching the meridians of the Jueyin and the Shaoyang in minimum. It reflects not only the running course of the meridians, the sequential and reverse transmission, but also reflects the mutual supporting of yin-yang, and waxing and waning of yin-yang, the relative equilibrium of qi-blood, the transformation of excess and deficiency of disease. Therefore, the clear inspection of the law of qi-blood circulations of the twelve meridians, which is based on the therapy, is the precondition of the comprehensive significance of the sequence.
Blood Circulation ; Humans ; Meridians ; Qi ; Yin-Yang

Features and problems of modern researches on the Chinese medicine theory of "kidney stores the essence" were refined based on summarizing the researches conducted by some well-known scholars as Professor SHEN Zi-yin, etc, their courses, ideas and achievements. From which, three specialties and four problems were abstracted. In view of the four problems, the author puts forward to his assumption for the future deepening research.
Humans ; Kidney ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Yin-Yang

The theory, methods and ideas of "experiment of progated sensation along meridians (PSM)" were examined in the article through retrieval of ancient medical books, excavating the theory of meridians, the qi of meridians, ying (nutrient) qi, wei (defensive) qi and the related acupuncture techniques. The result shows that PSM is not the reaction of the meridian qi, but the reflection of wei (defensive) qi. Therefore, whether the experiment of PSM revealed with the phenomenon of meridian and all hypothesis based on it or not are still remained as a question. However, although PSM is considered to be related with the wei (defensive) qi, it can not be concluded that the experiment of PSM revealed the function of the wei (defensive) qi.
Humans ; Meridians ; Qi ; Sensation ; Yin-Yang

Based on leads provided by Neijing and other literature, analyze origins of the three-yin and the three-yang and the their respective contents of yin and yang, indicating the principle that the order of yang-qi from more to less is Yang ming, Tai yang, Shao yang, and the order of yin-qi is Tai yin, Shao yin, Jue yin. According to the location of five (six) zang-organs, respective yin-qi content is defined, and according to the principle of more yin-qi matches more, and less yin-qi matches less, five (six) zang-organs match each other. The zang-organs above the diaphragm joints with The Hand-Channels and the zang-organs below the diaphragm with The Foot-Channels, completing the nomenclature of twelve meridians. The names of the six yang-channels correspond to the yin-channels of the exterior-interior relationship, the yin-channels link with hands (feet), and the yang-channels also link with hands (feet), and the amount of yin-qi of the zang-organs corresponding to the yin-channels and the amount of yang-qi of the fu-organs corresponding to yang-channels are in a state of balance. Based on this principle, nomenclature of six channels are completed. Emphasize that the nomenclature of twelve meridians contains profound TCM theories, especially, TCM, by yin-yang, three-yin and three- yang, illustrates living phenomena from the whole to the system and organ level in human body, and the scientific principle "yin-yang can be unlimitedly divided" and its significance, which must guide the studies on living phenomena with modern life sciences from the whole to the molecular level.
Humans ; Meridians ; Terminology as Topic ; Yin-Yang

Checking of divergent meridians in the development course of meridian theories shows that these are remains of meridian theories of the eleven meridians model, expressing relation of yang meridians to zang-fu organs, and yin and yang meridians having a certain common characters, which are components of twelve meridians before Lingshu : Meridians. Modern expressions of meridian system confuse its relation with theory of twelve meridians in Lingshu : Meridians.
Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Meridians ; Yin-Yang

Health ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Yin-Yang