According to industralization the percentage of working women wit children is on the continuous increase. There has been a growing concern over important health problem of middle-aged women, especially with working women. But we didn't know how to care of themselves yet even if it was important to find out that. So this research was an attempt to identify the nature of experience of their health management so that it is to be contributed to be knowledge development of women' health management strategy. The phenomenological approach in qualitative studies was used to serve this purpose. Subjects were 10 middle-aged working women having children is well-being state. The result of this study was as follows: "Diet pattern" was to unbalanced and irregular but they tried to correct balanced and harmony dietary life. Exercise was very simple and irregular. They have closed-minded of kinds of exercise. Controlling the environment and their minds was to obtain emotional stability and be free from stress. They put emphasis on refraining from being overtiring and watching their condition carefully. They always tried to keep the peaceful mind. Reducing fatigue was to be bathing, hot streamed-bath, finger pressure therapy, massage, singing, communication with others and maintenance of personal relationships. Identification of self-esteem was very key point to maintain their health. Working regularly gave them to please and value of the life. Work oriented life pattern was to be harm their health state so that it need to be available clinics to check up their health state after work. The rest of this study showed that it need to be social support for working women to work with comfort. Further study regarding working women engaging in the lower level is necessary.
Baths ; Child* ; Fatigue ; Female ; Fingers ; Humans ; Massage ; Singing ; Women, Working*

A study conducted between 1998-2001 on the semiconductor industry in Penang and Selangor found that irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea and stress were identified as the three leading health problems by women workers from a checklist of 16 health problems. After adjusting for confounding factors, including age, working duration in current factory, and marital status, in a multiple logistic regression model, wafer polishing workers were found to experience significantly higher odds of experiencing irregular menstruation. Dysmenorrhea was found to be significantly associated with chemical usage and poor ventilation, while stress was found to be related to poor ventilation, noise and low temperatures.
Malaysia ; *Occupational Exposure ; *Occupational Health ; *Semiconductors ; *Women, Working

The aim of this study was to identify the status of health functional food consumption of working women. The 558 subjects of the study were aged between 10-60 years, and had previous experiences of consuming health functional foods. The majority of the subjects lived in Seoul, and some lived in the Gyeonggi Province . The most prevalent goals that the subjects hoped to achieve by consuming health functional foods were improvement of physical health status and reduction of exhaustion. Other goals included supplement of nutrition, and prevention or treatment of diseases. Those who were older or who possessed a high BMI spent more expenses on health functional foods, and showed a higher intake frequency as well as longer periods of consumption. Subjects placed in the older group showed a lower level of knowledge related to functional foods, which turned out to be statistically significant. Most of the respondents answered that their knowledge related to functional foods was picked up from listening to others. In conclusion, we were able to observe that groups with elder working women and high BMI show higher consumption and expense rates of health functional foods, as well as longer periods of consumption. However, they show a minimum level of knowledge related to functional foods. According to our results, these subjects should seek practical help in order to select functional foods that will aid their health, and learn the proper method of consumption. In order to reduce inaccurate consumption of health functional foods, it is imperative that more in-depth study is carried out in this field.
Aged ; Female ; Functional Food ; Humans ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Women, Working

The purpose of this study was to get some basic data for health care for working women, especially for hospital nurses. the number of subjects was 796 nurses from one general hospital and four private educational hospitals. The data were collected from February to April, 1988 using the questionnaire "Symptom Table on fatigue Perception" designed by the Research Committee of Industrial Fatigue in Hygienic Association of Japan Industry. The collected data were analyzed using means and standard deviations for the subjective symptoms of fatigue and each item as an independent variable was analyzed by T-test and ANOVA test. The results are as follows: 1) The mean score for degree of fatigue was 1.89 and the degree of fatigue for physical symptoms had highest score of 2.04, the next was psychological symptoms at 1.89, and euro-sensory symptoms were the lowest ar 1.74. Among the fatigue symptoms, the item scored most frequently was "Legs feel heavy" with a mean score of 2.40 and the least frequent item was "My hand and foot trembled" with a mean score of 1.40/. 2) With the respect to the general characteristics of subjects, there were statistically significant difference according to age(F=17.039, p=.000), state of marriage(t=5.381, p=.000) presence of children(t=5.134, p=.000), clinical experience(F=16.663, p=.000), present position(F=12.598, p=.000), duty time(F=9.068, p=.000), monthly wages(F=7.361, p=.000), satisfaction about the pay and treatment at work(t=-5.511, p=.000), relation the doctors(t=-4.593, p=.000)
Delivery of Health Care ; Fatigue* ; Female ; Foot ; Hand ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Japan ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Women, Working

PURPOSE: Even though a number of studies have suggested that appropriate measuring instruments of family stress for working women have to be developed, the validity and reliability of the instruments used have not been consistently examined. The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive instrument to measure family stress for married working women, and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. METHOD: The items generated for this instrument were drawn from a comprehensive literature review. Twenty four items were developed through evaluation by 10 experts and twenty one items were finally confirmed through item analysis. Psychometric testing was preformed and confirmed with a convenient sample of 240 women employed in the industrial sector. RESULT: Four factors evolved by factor analysis, which explained 50.5% of the total variance. The first factor 'Cooperation' explained 28.1%, 2nd factor 'Satisfaction with relationships' 10.6%, 3rd factor 'Democratic and comfortable environment' 6.3%, and 4th factor 'Disturbance of own living' 5.5%. Cronbach's coefficient of this instrument was 0.86. CONCLUSION: The study supports the validity and reliability of the instrument.
Adult ; *Family Relations ; Female ; Humans ; *Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results ; Stress, Psychological/*diagnosis ; Women, Working/*psychology

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to estimate the job stress and depression of female and male service workers and to determine the predictors influencing depression. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, the data were collected from hotel, wholesale, and insurance companies. A total of 244 workers were recruited. Among them, 118 were female workers. A self-administered questionnaire was consisted of personal characteristics, job stress, daily life stress, social support, and depression. Depression was measured using a CES-D Korean version. RESULT: The average job stress of female workers was higher than that of male workers (P<.05). The average depression scores of female workers were higher than those of male workers, but the difference was not statistically significant. Multiple regression analysis showed that role conflict and low social support were significant predictors of depression in female workers. In male workers, role conflict, low social support, and under-utilization of abilities were significant predictors of depression. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that depression of service workers may be prevented by creating a workplace environment that focuses on role conflict and social support. Also, health providers should consider the vulnerability of working women to job stress.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sex Characteristics ; Stress, Psychological ; Women, Working

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the perception of infertile women on the use of the national support program that provides medical expense aid to infertile couples. METHODS: Thirty Korean infertile women participated in five focus groups. Data were collected from January to August 2014. After obtaining permission from the participants, each session of the focus group was audio-taped and transcribed. The responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The main themes identified from the sessions with the participants were "feeling thankful for the reliable support program," "feeling happy or unhappy," "enduring inconveniences," and "hoping for a more comprehensive support service." Although most of the participants perceived the benefits of the national support service positively, they stated that the service was not comprehensive because it did not cover all the medical expenses for tests and other medical treatments. CONCLUSION: The benefits given to infertile couples by the program should be increased by covering all the medical expenses, expanding its criteria to include more eligible candidates, and by including special leave benefits for working women. Furthermore, it is essential to take measures for infertility prevention at the individual and national policy levels.
Family Characteristics* ; Female ; Focus Groups ; Government Programs ; Humans ; Infertility ; Women, Working

We surveyed 343 female bank clerks to find out associations between stress and a variety of factors including general, menstruation and reproductive characteristics of the participants. Unmarried women composed the majority of younger, lower income and lower education groups than married did. They also showed higher. though not significantly higher, scores for psychosocial well being index(PWJ) and the first three items of the stress survey. And married women scored slightly higher only in the fourth item of the stress survey. Among the subgroups of married and unmarried women, many factors contributed to a higher stress score in two or more items of the stress survey; in unmarried women, lower education level, little physical exercise, and large family inhabitants, in contrast married women, higher monthly income and greater working hours were related to higher stress scores. According to the menstruation factors, subgroups with dysmenorrhea or irregular cycle and scanty bleedig volume in unmarried women and subgroups with dysmenorrhea in married women showed higher stress scores in PWI. In married women, the proportion of those who have been pregnant was 77.2% and the proportion of those who have experienced spontaneous abortion was 24.1%. Those who have ever experienced two or more spontaneous abortion showed higher, though not statistically significantly higher. scores for PWI. In conclusion, dysmenorrhea was associated with high stress score in two groups. And the other factors related to higher score of PWJ were different between unmarred and married women, which should be considered in a management plan for mental health promotion.
Abortion, Spontaneous ; Dysmenorrhea ; Education ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Menstruation ; Mental Health ; Pregnancy ; Single Person ; Women, Working*

We studied teachers' breakfast habits and their preferences on various breakfast types so that we will furnish data to nutrition education including ideal breakfast habit and development of various menus. The meal considered as most importantly were dinner (66.2%), fellowed by lunch(21.6%), all three meals(6.4%) and breakfast(5.8%). Men considered breakfast more importantly than women. On the contrary, women considered dinner more significantly compared to men. The group aged 45 and over emphasized breakfast and all three meal. 78.1% of subjects answered that breakfast is necessary and 61.5% of subjects ate breakfast regularly. Those who have breakfast regularly was lower in women(50.0%) than in men(71.3%). Instead, those who eat breakfast irregularly or skipping it was higher among women(50.0%) than among men(29.7%). The percentages of having breakfast regularly was higher in older groups. For breakfast, 82.1% of subjects had conventional meal which included rice, soup and Kimch. On the other hand, 13.9% of subjects had Western style breakfast such as bread, cornflakes and milk. The major reason for eating breakfast regularly was answered as 'maintain health(71.8%)'. The major reason for eating breakfast irregularly or skipping was 'don't have enough time to eat(48.0%)', 'poor appetite(28.6%)'. The major physical discomfort after skipping breakfast was 'experience brash(35.6%)', 'lack of physical strength(35.1%)'. Subjects answered that breakfast served as 'source of physical strength(64.9%)', 'provides nutritional balance for a day(21.1%)' and 15.0% of subjects ate out breakfast. Therefore, it is suggested that teachers as well as school children be provided breakfast and snack in school. The preference and opinion regarding breakfast types wer conventional food including rice, soup and Kimch(67.0%). There was a little preference in Western style food such as bread, milk and coffee(14.3%), cereals mixture and porridge(10.7%). It was noticeable that 49.1% of females and those who reside in Seoul(42.2%) selected various breakfast types excluding conventional food. Therefore it will be accepted to working women as breakfast if it is nutritionally balanced and cook well in short time.
Bread ; Breakfast* ; Edible Grain ; Child ; Eating ; Education ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Meals ; Milk ; Snacks ; Women, Working

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the association between emotional labor and dysmenorrhea among women working in sales and call centers in Seoul, South Korea. METHODS: Working women in sales jobs and call centers in Seoul were interviewed face-to-face by well-trained interviewers. In total, 975 participants were analyzed in the final model. Emotional labor was measured using a constructed questionnaire with two components: an emotive effort component with three questions and an emotive dissonance component with five questions. To examine the association between emotional labor and dysmenorrhea, chi-squared tests and logistic regression were applied. RESULTS: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among sales workers and call center workers were 43.0% and 61.1%, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) of emotive effort and emotive dissonance for dysmenorrhea in call center workers were 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-3.28) and 1.72 (95% CI, 1.13-2.63), respectively. The adjusted OR of emotive effort and emotive dissonance for dysmenorrhea in sales workers were 1.71 (95% CI, 0.92-3.16) and 1.15 (95% CI, 0.67-1.98), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Emotional labor was found to be associated with dysmenorrhea in call center workers. Further studies to investigate other factors, such as management strategies and the relationship between emotional labor and dysmenorrhea, are needed to support interventions to prevent dysmenorrhea that will further promote the quality of health and life of working women.
Commerce* ; Dysmenorrhea* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Seoul ; Women, Working