72 subjects with defective color vision that was detected by the screening test among 633 high school students were examined using a printed sample of the author's plates and other 7 kinds of color tests including Ishihara's, Okuma's. Tokyo Medical College'sand H-R-R's plates, Farnsworth's Panel D-15 Test. Hahn's Double 15-Hue Test and Hahn's Color Choice Test (modified City University Colour Vision Test). Results of examination in classifying the types and estimating the extent of color defects using the author's plates were compared with the summarized final results obtained with 8 kinds of tests and the rate of coincidence of results both in type and in extent was found to be 33.3% in the author's plates, 37.5% in Okuma's, 36.1% in Tokyo Medical College's and 27.8% in H-R-R's plates.
Color Vision ; Humans ; Mass Screening

Vision impairment when undetected early can affect the social and mental development of a child. Early detection of visual impairment can provide better prognosis and can be conducted through vision screening at pre-school. Vision screening performed using pre-school teachers would allow cost and time savings while providing greater access to perform this screening. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vision screening conducted by pre-school teachers. A total of sixty pre-school teachers from KEMAS Tabika’s and Taska’s in the Klang Valley were randomly selected and divided into two groups i.e. a Study Group and a Control Group. The Study Group was given participative and handson vision screening training whereas the Control Group was only given brief verbal instructions on conducting the screening. Each of these pre-school teachers was asked to conduct vision screening on 15 pre-school children aged 4 to 6 years old. Trained optometrists then repeated the vision screening on the same children. The results showed that there was a higher validity in the vision screening findings from the Study Group (sensitivity = 79%, specificity = 95%) compared to the Control Group (sensitivity = 26%, specificity = 95%). The level of agreement concurrence between the pre-school teachers in the Study Group and the optometrist was high for all tests (AC1 ≥ 0.89). In conclusion, the vision screening program conducted by pre-school teachers was effective but needed proper training for the screeners. This program is seen to be able to empower pre-school teachers using vison screening techniques to allow them to identify pre-school children with vision impairment who would then require further examination and management by an eye-care professional. This program would be able to reduce the prevalence of vision impairment among pre-school children in Malaysia in the long term.
Pre-schooler ; vision screening ; vision impairment ; early detection ; teachers

The author surveyed on the 100 color blindness applicants among 7080 applicants for driver license with use of the Ishihara plate, and they were analysed with 6 kinds of test including Ishihara-Okuma's, Tokyo Medical College's, H-R-R'S, Hahn's, Farnsworth's Panel D-15 test, Hahn's Double 15-Hue test. The results are obtained as follows: 1. Frequencies as to types of defect (protan, deutan) given by the summarized final result were protan 19%, deutan 65%, unclassified 16%. The most frequent type of color defect was deutan. 2. Estimates extent of defect (mild, medium, strong) as given by the summarized final result were mild (Grade 1) 34%, medium (Grade 2) 29%, strong (Grade 3) 37%. 3. The complete coincidence between the summarized final result and the results of 6 kinds of test were Ishihara-Okuma's 47%. T.M.C.'s 48%, H-R-R's 40%, Hahn's 45%, Panel D-15 49%, and Double 15-Hue 55%. 4. The approximate coincidences within +/-1 in grade were Ishihara-Okuma's 66%, T.M.C.'s 63%. H-R-R's 71%, Hahn's 68%, Panel D-15 67%, Double 15-Hue 72%. 5. Estimating of protan, Double 15-Hue test and Panel D-15 test were most effective tests, and of deutan, H-R-R, T.M.C., and Hahan's tests were most effective tests. The 65 percents effectiveness in screening out the applicants with use of Ishihara's plates showed a requirement of two or more test plates for measuring the degree of color deficiency; i.e. one of Double 15-Hue test and Panel D-15 test and one of H-R-R. T.M.C., and Hahn's pesudoisochromatic tests.
Color Vision Defects ; Licensure* ; Mass Screening

The authors performed Titmus and TNO stereopsis tests in the group of children amblyopes aged from 3 to 11 year old in order to evaluate clinical usefulness of stereopsis in amblyopia and preschool vision screening. 36(72%) and 42(84%) amblyopes could not pass the Titmus 100 see and TNO 120 see each and if 6 amblyopes who had 0.8 or better vision were excluded, the sensitivity were 82%(36/44) and 95%(42/44). Each visions of amblyopic eyes gave the main influence to decide stereoacuity in the Titmus test(correlation coefficient=0.69) and all of the amblyopes who had 3 or more interocular acuity differences could not pass the TNO 120 sec. As a result Titmus test had too low sensitivity to use as the screening test but it was useful to evaluate the vision of amblyopiceye. TNO was sensitive to interocular acuity differences and the authors thought that TNO 120 see can be used in the screening.
Amblyopia ; Child* ; Depth Perception* ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Vision Screening

In 2004, the University of the Philippines Manila published the Philippine Guidelines on Periodic Health Examination (PHEX): Effective Screening for Diseases among Apparently Healthy Filipinos. 1 The document was envisioned to “contribute… to the quality and efficiency of health care and health maintenance for all Filipinos… It was an appeal for rational medical decision-making, and an important step toward “equitable distribution of health and health resources.” The guidelines were prepared by designated task forces, with vision disorders, specifically vision impairment, and glaucoma identified as areas of interest. PHEX recommendations were drafted using standardized principles and a common protocol, with each statement undergoing four phases of development: (1) preparation of the evidence- based draft; (2) en banc meeting that gave panelists a chance to assess and revise the draft, where issues of feasibility, resource limitations, value judgment, and experts’ opinions were taken into account. A consensus was declared when at least 75% agreed on a recommendation; (3) for unresolved issues, modified Delphi technique was employed by correspondence until a consensus was reached or a maximum of three circulations were accomplished. If still unresolved, the issue was labeled as such and included in the final draft; (4) lastly, a public forum was conducted before the final draft was written. In this manner, the recommendations for Screening for Visual Impairment were written by the Task Force for Vision Disorders.
Human ; Male ; Female ; Child Preschool ; Vision Screening ; Vision Tests ; Diagnosis ; Standards ; Vision Disorders ; Amblyopia ; Strabismus ; Visual Acuity ; Vision Tests

It is important to detect binocular suppression of pediatric strabismic patients, especially in accommodative esotropes and intermittent exotropes. However, it may take a long time and false results may be obtained in young children. In order to examine binocular suppression, we selected 103 accommodative esotropes with binocular suppression. Vectograph test, Worth 4 dot test, and 4 prism base-out test were performed at distance, and Worth 4 dot test, TNO test, and Bagolini test at near. Titmus fly test and Randot stereotest were administerd to know the relationship between stereoacuity and suppression. In detecting binocular suppression, the true rate of vectogram was 95%, which was the highest result of all tests and 4 prism base-out test was the next with 88% of the true rate. The stereoacuity was increased in proportional to the absence of suppression. The vectographic porject test was the easiest and the most accurate test to identify normal fusion or binocular suppression at distance in young strabismic children. The accuracy will be increased in the combination with 4 prism base-out test. Therefore the vectograph also can be used in the screening of small amount of deviation, monocular amblyopia and low vision in kindergarten and elementary school.
Amblyopia ; Child ; Diptera ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Telescopes* ; Vision, Low

1. A simplified vision test chart which is composed of test types of arabic figures and Landolt's rings for 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 was designed by the author. 2. The test chart may be used at school for screeing the students who have decreased vision in early stage, and so school myopia can be prevented or cured by medical treatment. 3. It is also recommended to be used for testing the vision of students once every month at home to preserve good vision and prevent school myopia which is so much increased among the students that it has become a serious social problem in Korea.
Arabs ; Humans ; Korea ; Mass Screening* ; Myopia ; Social Problems ; Vision Tests*

1. A simplified vision test chart which is composed of test types of arabic figures and Landolt's rings for 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 was designed by the author. 2. The test chart may be used at school for screeing the students who have decreased vision in early stage, and so school myopia can be prevented or cured by medical treatment. 3. It is also recommended to be used for testing the vision of students once every month at home to preserve good vision and prevent school myopia which is so much increased among the students that it has become a serious social problem in Korea.
Arabs ; Humans ; Korea ; Mass Screening* ; Myopia ; Social Problems ; Vision Tests*

We assessed the best method for preschool vision screening using four visual acuity charts. The subjects were 162 childrens(324 eyes), who were divided into all aged group(162 childrens), 3-year-old group(58 childrens), 4-year-old group(58 childrens) and 5-year-old group(46 childrens), We compared Hahn's test, HOTV test, Allen figures and E test by measuring the time required for test, the percentage of children testable with each chart, visual acuity score and consistency of score. There was no significant differences among the time of each group(p>0.05). Visual acuity score with Hahn's test was lower than that of the rest 3 tests in all aged group and 3-year-old group(p<0.05). The percentage of children testable with Hahn's test was lower than that with the other tests(p<0.05). For assessing the consistency, analysis of variance was used. E test was more variable than the other test and Allen figures showed most consistency than the other tests(p<0.05). In young chidren, there were some difficulties in measuring visual acuity with Hahn's test, and the E test caused variable results because of difficulty in distinguishing the left-right orientation, but relatively Allen figures showed consistency, high visual acuity and testability in all groups.
Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Vision Screening* ; Visual Acuity*

Adult ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Theory of Planned Behavior ; Vision Screening