Since 2002, adult worms of human small liver fluke in some provinces were identified by morphology and confirmed by molecular method as Clonorchis sinensis in Thanh Hoa, Ninh Binh, Nam Dinh and Bac Giang province; Opisthorchis viverrini in Phu Yen and Binh Dinh province. This study, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a portion of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (410 nucleotide and 136 amino acid) of mitochondrial genome of adult worms of small liver fluke from human in Nghe An (CsNA) and Dong Nai (CsDN) province were amplified. The nucleotide and amino acid of these sequences was comparatively analyzed with the known Clonorchis sinensis (Nam Dinh strain). The analysis revealed that the Nghe An Clonorchis sp and Dong Nai Clonorchis sp (in human) were homology (99.5 - 99.8% nucleotide) and similar (100% amino acid) to the Nam Dinh Clonorchis sinensis (identification was done). Thus, the Nghe An and Dong Nai Clonorchis sp were identified as Clonorchis sinensis in Opisthorchiidae family, Clonorchis genus.
Helminths ; Trematoda ; Human

The outbreak of the lung fluke occurred in Sin Ho - Lai Chau in 1994 and Da Bac - Hoa Binh in 1998. The biological, clinical, epidemiological investigation and X-ray showed that there were more 2000 patients (the morbidity rate: 4%). All patients had a lung lesion in X-ray image... the major signs in X-ray were pulmonary nodules and cavity and pleurocele. It should distinguish the lung fluke and the pulmonary tuberculosis
Trematoda ; lung ; X-Rays

The total sequence of 18S rRNA and the neighbours including 1950 pairs of nucleotide (N) was received by PCR and expressed orderly. The examinated sample was 1 of 8 adult worms collected from 12.5 years old male patient. The worm was determined morphologically as Fasciolopsis buski. The comparison showed that in this intestinal fluke worm there is an almost absolutely analogous coefficient concerning nitrogen components of 18S rRNA in only 2 differences on 1950 N (0.01%) with the gene sequence of 18S rRNA kept in the bank of genes. In Viet Nam, this is the first molecular determination realized on human
Fasciolidae ; Trematoda ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S

Ultrastructural studies on the integument of digenetic trematodes were investigated by several workers (Senft et al., 1961; Bjorkman and Thorsell, 1964; Burton, l966; Erasmus, l968; Morris and Threadgold, 1967, l968). Clonorchis sinensis is a common parasite of human beings in the Far East. But as far little has been written on ultrastructure of the integument of this parasite. This study was carried out systematically to elucidate the ultrastructure of the integument of adult C. sinensis, and the results are summarized as follows: The integument of C. sinensis was organized in two parts; the epidermis and the muscular layer. The apical surface and basal surface of the epidermis were covered with typical plasma membrane and irregularly invaginated from the surface. Plasma membrane at perisuckers was extremely folded and appeared as if the epidermis might be divided with the layer. The syncytial epidermis contained mitochondria and numerous secretory bodies, and which was connected by cytoplasmic processes to nucleated epidermal cells lying in the parenchyma. The mitochondriae, the secretory bodies, the granular endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi bodies and the free ribosomes were present in the perinuclear cytoplasm of epidermal cells, but no organelle was observed in processes of epidermal cell except some secretory bodies. The fibrous layer consists of argentophile fiber and collagenous fiber, in which the circular muscle bundles and longitudinal muscle bundles were embedded. Bundles of muscle fiber are weIl developed at the perisucker, and mitochondriae in this portion contain many cristae as compared with any other parts of C. sinensis.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-Clonorchis sinensis ; ultrastructure ; electronmicroscopy

In order to study host-parasite relationship in trematode, the susceptibility in rabbits of Clonorchis sinensis were examined. A certain number of metacercariae of C. sinensis were administered orally to rabbits, and rats and dogs were used to compare with rabbits. the results were summerized as follows: The rabbits were successfully infected with metacercariae of C. sinensis in all case of the groups given 10 to 500 each. But the highest recovery rate of the worm was 33.0 percent in the case given 100 metacercariae. In the early stage of infection, the worms were hardly found, but 10 days after the infection, the number of worms were detected easily. Three months after the infection, the recovery rate of worms was 31.3 percent in the rabbits given 300 metacercariae. The recovery rates of the worms in two months after the infection were 27.4 percent in rabbits, 51.0 percent in rats and 54.6 percent in dogs. Morphologically the body length and the body width markedly increased in the period until 10 days after the infection, and after that the genital organs began to get mature gradually while the growth of the body showed down. The measurement of adult C. sinensis recovered from the animals two months after the infection was the largest in rabbits followed by rats and the worms from dogs showed the smallest measurement.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; rabbit ; biology

As a series of systematic classification of paramphistomes, the worms in the rumen and reticulum were collected on 214 Korean cattle slaughtered at Jeonju abattoir from January 1986 to April 1987 and were classified by means of morphology. Afterwards, the karyotype of Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder, 1790) was detected by means of modified air-drying method from germ cells of the worms. The results were summarized as follows: In the chromosome number of 254 P. cervi, the haploid cell was n=9 and the diploid 2n=18. The meiotic divisions were observed frequently; 1,924 haploid and 32 diploid cells were reliable. Nine pairs of mitotic chromosomes were homologous in the metaphase stage, and the chromosomes were composed of five medium-sized metacentrics (m), subtelocentrics (st) or submetacentrics (sm) and four small-sized subtelocentrics(st) or submetacentrics(sm). Meiotic metaphase was composed of five medium and four small chromosomes in size. As a series of C-banding method, C-band was showed in centromeric region from all of the haploid germ cells. Whereas chromosome No. 3 and 5 included heterochromatin on the tip region, chromosome No. 4 on the distal region and No. 6 proximal region. And chromosomes No. 2 and 8 showed a remarkable C-band distinguished from other chromosomes.
parasitolgy-helminth-trematoda ; Paramphistomum cervi ; karyotype

The present study was undertaken to demonstrate the surface structure of Paragonimus westermani metacercaria in Korea with special reference to the distribution of sensory papillae. Metacercariae were isolated from crayfish, one of the second intermediate host of P. westermani in Bogil island, Chollanam-do (Province), Korea, where has been known as an endemic area of human paragonimiasis. Isolated metacercariae were excysted and examined with light, scanning and transmission electron microscopes for morphological features. On the surface of metacercariae, three types of sensory papillae were identified. Large domed papillae (3-5 micrometer), which were covered with wrinkled plasma membrane of the worm, were distributed on the oral and ventral suckers only. On the oral sucker, these large domed papillae were 12-13 in number. On the other hand large domed papillae on the ventral sucker were constantly 6 in number and hexagonal in distribution. Small domed papillae (2-3 micrometer), of which surface was more smooth than those of large ones, were distributed symmetrically on the ventral (30-32 pairs) and dorsal surfaces (40-42 pairs). Ciliated papillae (0.8-1.5 micrometer) were observed about 5-6 in number around the oral sucker and 3-5 pairs each on the ventral and dorsal surface of the body. Single pointed spines covered the entire surface of the body except around the excretory pore. Spines on the anterior part of the body were 0.9-2.0 micrometer in length and 45-55/100 square micrometer in number, and were gradually reduced in length (0.4-1.4 micrometer) and in number (12-27/100 square micrometer) toward the posterior part. The body wall of P. westermani metacercariae was consisted with anucleated syncytium layer, fibrous interstitial layer and musclar layer. In the anucleated syncytium, biconcave (0.15-0.55 micrometer) and spherical (0.08-0.16 micrometer) secretory granules, which were transferred from epidermal cells via protoplasmic tubules, mitochondria and ribosomes, were observed. Spines originated around the basement membrane protruded externally. Epidermal cells were consisted with a nucleus and a cytoplasm, and connected to syncytium with protoplasmic tubules. In the cytoplasm many secretory granules, mitochondria, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticula, ribosomes and lipid droplets were observed.
parasitolgy-helminth-trematoda ; Paragonimus westermani ; electron microscopy

Tegumental ultrastructures of Echinochasmus japonicus were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The worms were recovered from albino rats which were experimentally infected with the metacercariae obtained from Pseudorasbora parva. Followings are summarized findings. The worms were minute and plumpy gourd-shaped with attenuated anterior and round posterior end. The tegument of whole body was wrinkled transversely and covered with cobblestone-like cytoplasmic processes. Head crown was armed with 24 collar spines which were embedded in cytoplasmic pockets. The spines were arranged in a row with an interruption at dorsomedian line, however, the 2nd and the 4th spines were outstretched more than others. Oral and ventral suckers were muscular with numerous type II sensory papillae, and genital pore opened between the two suckers. Tegumental spines were spade-shaped with broad base and pointed tip. They were compact in ventro-lateral tegument or dorsal surface of anterior body. The were not found between the two suckers and dorsal surface of posterior body. Two types of sensory papillae, uni-ciliated (Type I) and roundly swollen sensory papillae (Type II), were observed. The type I papillae were chiefly distributed on ventral surface of tegument and type II were on the lips of suckers. Arrangement of collar spines, shape and distribution of tegumental spines or sensory papillae are regarded as characteristic features of E. japonicus.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Echinochasmus japonicus ; electronmicroscopy

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of peritoneal exudate cells in the transfer of immunity against the liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis in the inbred BALB/c mice. Ten donor mice were divided into 2 groups. One group consisted of 5 mice was infected orally with 20 metacercariae of C. sinensis, and the other group was injected intraperitoneally with 20 excysted larvae. Thirty days after immunization, the peritoneal exudate cells were obtained from the donor mice. Twenty recipient mice were divided into 4 equal groups for the purpose of primary immunization. The mice of Group I were injected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(6) peritoneal exudate cells of the donor mice infected orally, those of Group III were injected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(6) peritoneal exudate cells of the donor mice injected intraperitoneally. Those of Group II were injected orally with 20 metacercariae of C. sinensis. The group IV mice served as controls. Four days after the primary immunization all recipient mice were challenged orally with 20 metacercariae of C. sinensis, and then killed 30 days after the challenging infection. When the peritoneal exudate cells were injected into the recipient mice, pronounced reduction in eggs per gram of the feces was found in the mice of Group I and Group II, but no reduction in those of Group III. In the worm burdens of C. sinensis, the number of flukes found in the mice of Group II was only significantly less than those in the control group(IV). In addition the number of plaque forming cells per spleen in the mice of Group II was found larger than those in Group I. It is likely that donor peritoneal exudate cells transferred to the recipients might result in the production of relative immunity.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; immunology ; mouse

As a series of systematic classification for Korean common liver fluke, Fasciola sp., karyotype was investigated by means of the modified air-drying technique and of the regular Giemsa staining, Also, C-staining method was applied for detailed karyological analysis from the germ cells of the fluke. The following is a brief summary of the leading facts gained through the experiment. Korean Fasciola sp. was classified into three types based on their chromosomal complements; individuals with 20 or 30 chromosomes and with a 20/30 mosaic constitution. Worms having 30 chromosomes represent a triploid form with 3 sets of 10 basic chromosomes, while those with 20 chromosomes were diploid and mosaic individuals were 2n/3n mixoploid. The frequency of the individual type calculated is as follows; 67.45% of 212 flukes examined was of diploid, 10.85%, triploid, and the rest, 21.7%, mixoploid, respectively. In many cases, two or three types were found in the peculiar bovine host while single type inhabitant was about 20% out of 52 cases. The twenty chromosomes consisted of 1 parir of large metacentrics, 4 pairs of medium-sized subtelocentrics, and 5 pairs of small submetacentrics, while constitution of the thirty chromosomes was nearly interpreted as a triploid form with 3 sets of 10 basic chromosomes. The high centromeric indexes of both types are the first pairs among all the examined, and 37.93% was of diploid and 47.93%, triploid, respectively. In mixoploid individuals, constitution of the chromosomes of diploid or triploid cells was the same as that of diploid or triploid individuals. All the chromosomes of the germ cells in both types showed C-band around the centromeic region and especially the chromosomes no's 3, 7, and 8 showed a remarkable C-band distinguished from other chromosomes. The variance for the sizes of the worms and the eggs were not parallel with three different genotypes in Korean common liver fluke.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Fasciola sp. ; karyotype ; taxonomy