BACKGROUND: The influence of sociocultural factors on human reliability within an open sociotechnical systems is highlighted. The design of such systems is enhanced by experience feedback. METHODS: The study was focused on a survey related to the observation of working cases, and by processing of incident/accident statistics and semistructured interviews in the qualitative part. In order to consolidate the study approach, we considered a schedule for the purpose of standard statistical measurements. We tried to be unbiased by supporting an exhaustive list of all worker categories including age, sex, educational level, prescribed task, accountability level, etc. The survey was reinforced by a schedule distributed to 300 workers belonging to two oil companies. This schedule comprises 30 items related to six main factors that influence human reliability. RESULTS: Qualitative observations and schedule data processing had shown that the sociocultural factors can negatively and positively influence operator behaviors. CONCLUSION: The explored sociocultural factors influence the human reliability both in qualitative and quantitative manners. The proposed model shows how reliability can be enhanced by some measures such as experience feedback based on, for example, safety improvements, training, and information. With that is added the continuous systems improvements to improve sociocultural reality and to reduce negative behaviors.
Appointments and Schedules ; Humans* ; Social Responsibility

BACKGROUND: We studied whether alcohol intake influences in urinary 4-Hyp concentration and whether 4-Hyp concentration is change by time in healthy office workers for 2 weeks. METHODS: Three healthy male workers, who has a same job, recruited for this study, aged from 29 to 33 years, who had been any diagnosed or treated to the alcohol or bone related diseases. Urine samples were picked about 30 ml in screw capped vials for 2 weeks, and analysing method were used to previous published method for determination of urinary 4-Hyp with dansyl chloride. RESULTS: From the ANOVA-test results about objects' Hyp concentration that classify by urine picking time, When subjects did not ingest alcohol, urinary 4-Hyp concentration was difference according to subjects for-work and post-work. But, did not show difference when subjects ingested alcohol. While, T-test result that do alcohol intake existence and nonexistence and urine picking time by variable, urinary 4-Hyp concentration did not show difference for-work and post-work, but there was difference in post-work that is next day that ingest alcohol. When did not ingest alcohol, mean concentration of urinary 4-Hyp increased go by post-work (3.80+/-6.47 nmol/mg creatinine) in pre-work (1.46+/-1.61 nmol/mg creatinine). But when ingested alcohol, mean concentration of urinary 4-Hyp decreased by the next day morning (3.32+/-6.36 nmol/mg creatinine), order of for-work (1.54+/-1.59 nmol/mg creatinine) in alcohol intake future generations post-work (5.09+/-6.41 nmol/mg creatinine). CONCLUSION: We confirmed that alcohol is influencing in urinary 4-Hyp concentration of three healthy male workers, who has a same job, for 2 weeks, and mean concentration of 4-Hyp increasing go by the post-work in the pre-work, could confirm that influence in the next day morning if ingest alcohol in the evening.
Humans ; Hydroxyproline* ; Male ; Social Responsibility

The present study investigates the performance and tasks of the accreditation performed by Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation. The study analyzes survey data for 309 professors and 41 accreditation reports published during the first accreditation cycle (2000~2004). The finding shows that 32 medical colleges were accredited and 9 medical colleges were accredited on probation. Up to 98.5% of must standards' and 85.3% of 'should standards' were satisfied in this accreditation. The areas of accreditation standards, such as students, and facilities were satisfied relatively lower than the curriculum and administration/finances areas. However, 70.2% of the faculties replied that the accreditation achieved its purpose, and 80.7% of them pointed out the necessity of accreditation system. All these things make it clear that the accreditation system has made a significant contribution to the quality of medical education and the accountability of medical colleges. In addition, there are some issues which need more consideration, such as the government recognition of accreditation system, evaluation experts training, and practical application of accreditation results.
Accreditation ; Curriculum ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Social Responsibility

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an education program on safety perception, safety control, autonomy and accountability in clinical nurses. Precedent cases related to patient safety were used in the education program. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest measures was used. Participants in the study, 72 nurses in the experimental group, 71 nurses in the control group, were enrolled for 3 months. The education program was composed of the 20 precedent cases related to patient safety from home and foreign countries. RESULTS: The major findings of this study were as follows: Safety perception (p=.000), Safety control (p=.000), attitude toward autonomy (p=.000), and attitude toward accountability (p=.000) improved after the education program. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study indicate that an education program using precedent cases is an efficient method to improve behavior and change attitudes towards protecting patients' safety and preventing malpractice claims against nurses.
Humans ; Malpractice ; Patient Safety ; Social Responsibility

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify public attitudes toward mental illness, and to use Q methodology to build understanding of the differences among these attitude types. METHODS: Q Methodology was used to examine the public's attitude on mental illness. Thirty participants classified 33 selected Q-statements on a seven-point scale to create a normal distribution. The collected data were analyzed by using the PC QUANL program. RESULTS: Four types of attitudes toward mental illness were identified. Type I was named ‘Pursuing positive attention and patience regarding serious human rights’; type II, ‘Demanding the abolishing of prejudice through various media’, type III, ‘Emphasizing social responsibility at a distance from mental illness’, and type IV, ‘Focusing on reversible treatment of the disease’. CONCLUSION: In this study, the general public has presented a nursing intervention strategy that can provide support that allows for a positive recognition of mental disorders in accordance with the characteristics of each type.
Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Nursing ; Prejudice ; Social Responsibility

PURPOSE: Upward feedback is becoming more widely used in medical training as a means of quality control. Multiple biases exist, thus the accuracy of upward feedback is debatable. This study aims to identify factors that could influence upward feedback, especially in medical training. METHODS: A systematic review using a structured search strategy was performed. Thirty-five databases were searched. Results were reviewed and relevant abstracts were shortlisted. All studies in English, both medical and non-medical literature, were included. A simple pro-forma was used initially to identify the pertinent areas of upward feedback, so that a focused pro-forma could be designed for data extraction. RESULTS: A total of 204 articles were reviewed. Most studies on upward feedback bias were evaluative studies and only covered Kirkpatrick level 1-reaction. Most studies evaluated trainers or training, were used for formative purposes and presented quantitative data. Accountability and confidentiality were the most common overt biases, whereas method of feedback was the most commonly implied bias within articles. CONCLUSION: Although different types of bias do exist, upward feedback does have a role in evaluating medical training. Accountability and confidentiality were the most common biases. Further research is required to evaluate which types of bias are associated with specific survey characteristics and which are potentially modifiable.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Confidentiality ; Quality Control ; Social Responsibility

Surgeon is sacred career. To cure patients by surgery is the surgeon's work, while the social responsibility is the surgeon's soul. To strengthen and promote the social responsibility is a demand of our age; thus, every surgeon should adhere to the supremacy of the patients' interests in clinical practice.
General Surgery ; Humans ; Physicians ; Social Responsibility

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of sustainability management in institutional foodservice on store image and behavioral intention (revisit intention, word of mouth, willingness to pay a premium). METHODS: Based on a total of 371 samples obtained from the empirical research, this study reviewed the reliability and fitness of the model. RESULTS: According to results of exploratory factor analysis, sustainability management derived three factors, economic value, socially responsible, and environmentally sound. The structural equation modeling showed that social responsibility in sustainability management had a significant positive effect on store image and behavioral intention. In addition, customer's perceived store image in foodservice had a significant positive effect on behavioral intention. The relationship between sustainability management and behavioral intention was found to be a partially significant effect. CONCLUSION: The results of this study revealed the importance of sustainability management of foodservice to improve store image and behavioral intention.
Empirical Research ; Intention* ; Mouth ; Social Responsibility

Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; prevention & control ; Social Responsibility

Environmental Health ; Occupational Health ; Social Responsibility