From birth to adulthood, we often align our behaviors, attitudes, and opinions with a majority, a phenomenon known as social conformity. A seminal framework has proposed that conformity behaviors are mainly driven by three fundamental motives: a desire to gain more information to be accurate, to obtain social approval from others, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Despite extensive interest in neuroimaging investigation of social conformity, the relationship between brain systems and these fundamental motivations has yet to be established. Here, we reviewed brain imaging findings of social conformity with a componential framework, aiming to reveal the neuropsychological substrates underlying different conformity motivations. First, information-seeking engages the evaluation of social information, information integration, and modification of task-related activity, corresponding to brain networks implicated in reward, cognitive control, and tasks at hand. Second, social acceptance involves the anticipation of social acceptance or rejection and mental state attribution, mediated by networks of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Third, self-enhancement entails the excessive representation of positive self-related information and suppression of negative self-related information, ingroup favoritism and/or outgroup derogation, and elaborated mentalizing processes to the ingroup, supported by brain systems of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Therefore, recent brain imaging studies have provided important insights into the fundamental motivations of social conformity in terms of component processes and brain mechanisms.
Humans ; Social Conformity ; Motivation ; Brain ; Social Behavior ; Brain Mapping

Communicable Disease Control ; Humans ; Social Behavior ; Social Control, Formal

The concept of mentoring is important in nursing. Mentoring allows opportunities for a mentor to transfer knowledge and expertise in both theory and practice and a mentee to improve performance. This concept analysis aims to clarify the meaning of 'mentoring'. Attributes, antecedents, consequences, and a model case are presented to clarify this concept further. Review of literatures was conducted by using databases which include EBSCO, MEDLINE, and Google scholar. Findings showed that mentoring allows personal and professional growth of mentees. Closing the gap between theory and practice is achieved through an expert supervision of a mentor to a mentee. Mentoring plays a central role in the development of novice nurses as they integrate theoretical concepts into their practice. The benefits of mentoring are illuminated in the increasing competency of nurses in performing their roles to be globally competitive.

Medical disputes are one of the common problems concerned by the whole world. All countries and regions have established their own medical dispute resolution mechanisms, in accordance with their own national conditions. Medical dispute identification opinions, as one of the important bases for identifying the responsibilities of both doctors and patients, play a pivotal role in the process of dispute settlement. A reasonable medical dispute resolution mechanism and standardized medical dispute identification model can help resolve disputes flexibly and reduce the conflict between doctors and patients. This paper briefly compares the medical dispute resolution mechanism and identification mode of China and several other representative countries (the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, etc.), and discusses their respective characteristics and shortcomings, to bring some enlightenment to the medical dispute resolution and identification in our country.
China ; Dissent and Disputes ; Humans ; Social Behavior

Circadian Rhythm ; Social Behavior ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Social norms, though an important contributing factor of adolescent smoking in developed countries, has not been extensively studied in Malaysia. The objective of this study was to determine the association between certain perceived norms regarding smoking with smoking status among Malaysian secondary school students in Kota Tinggi, Johor. Data were collected from 2311 respondents consisting of 1379 male and 923 female secondary school students in Kota Tinggi district via a self administered questionnaire. Five perceived norms regarding smoking were assessed, namely: perceived peer smoking prevalence, perceived parental reaction towards adolescent smoking, perceived public perception of adolescent smoking, ever noticed peers smoking inside and outside school and perceived enforcement of anti-smoking policy in school and their association with smoking status. Multiple logistic regressions controlling for gender, peer smoking and family smoking was performed. Of the five perceived norms, four were associated with smoking status, (perceived peer smoking prevalence (p<0.001value), ever seen friends smoking inside or outside school (p <0.001), perceived parental reaction towards adolescent smoking (p<0.001 value) and perceived public disapproval (p <0.001)). Higher odds for smoking was observed for adolescents who: perceived a few (aOR 3.22), many (aOR 3.01) or a lot (aOR 3.52) of their peers smoke; had ever observed friends smoking in or outside of school (aOR 1.79); perceived their parents will react badly to smoking (aOR 0.84) or perceived the public disapprove of smoking (aOR 0.93). These results suggest that perception of social norms influence adolescents’ decision to smoke, thus measures to curb smoking incidence amongst adolescents should address these perceptions of social norms.
Smoking ; Students ; Adolescent ; Social Behavior ; Life Style

OBJECTIVES: Art and culture education might play a good role in children's emotions ; however, few studies to verify this have been conducted. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of an art and culture education program on behavior and social skills in children aged 7-10 years. METHODS: Fifteen children (mean age 7.31+/-0.95 years) were recruited from a community center and participated in an art and culture education program. The participants received a once a week program for 17 sessions, and we compared scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales (SSIS-RS) before and after intervention. RESULTS: The participants' subscale scores of CBCL-aggressive behavior, social immaturity, internalizing behavior, externalizing behavior, total behavior problems and social skill scores on the SSIS-RS showed improvement (p<.05) after 15-weeks of the art and culture education program. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a positive effect of an art and culture education program on the reduction of externalizing and internalizing behaviors and improvement of social skills in children. Further prospective, controlled studies in large samples are needed in order to confirm our findings.
Checklist ; Child Behavior ; Child* ; Education* ; Humans ; Social Behavior ; Weights and Measures

Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Reproduction ; physiology ; Social Behavior ; Tupaiidae ; physiology

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and test a structural model on work-related musculoskeletal disorders of women workers. METHOD: Data were collected from 237 women workers from industries such as electronics, food production and garment production, and analyzed by LISREL 8.54. RESULT: The fitness indices of the model are GFI=.87, NNFI=.91, PNFI=.74. Eight out of the ten paths were proved to be statistically significant: work environment-->social support, work environment-->health behavior, work environment-->WMSDs, domestic work-->health behavior, social support-->health behavior, social support-->job satisfaction, health behavior-->job satisfaction, and job satisfaction-->WMSDs. Work environment, social support, health behavior and job satisfaction significantly influenced WRMDs. WRMDs were accounted for 35% by the predictor variables. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study identifies that work environment, social support, health behavior and job satisfaction are important factors affecting WMSDs. Therefore, in order to prevent WRMDs, it is most important to improve both physical work environment for female workers such as appropriate work station and tools fit for them and psychological environment such as less job demand and more decision latitude(worker control).
Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Job Satisfaction ; Models, Structural* ; Social Behavior ; Social Environment

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Psychology, Social ; Social Behavior ; Social Conditions