Human ; Research ; Information Dissemination ; Reference Standards

Tujia ethnic group medicine Xuetong is derived from Kadsura heteroclita, the stem of which has the medicinal value for anti-rheumatoid arthritis, liver protection, anti-tumor, anti-oxidation effects, and has been widely used in Hunan and Guangdong in China. The selection of reliable and stable reference genes is the basis for subsequent molecular research on K. heteroclita. In this study, GAPDH, TUA, Actin, UBQ, EF-1α, 18S-rRNA, CYP, UBC, TUB, H2A, and RPL were selected as candidate reference genes in Kadsura heteroclita. The gene expression levels of the 11 candidate reference genes of K. heteroclita in its 6 different parts(stem-inside of the cambium, stem-outside of the cambium, fruit, flower, root, and leaf) and under different intervention conditions [drought stress, salt stress, and methyl jasmonate(MeJA) treatment] were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR). The expression stability of the 11 candidate reference genes was comprehensively analyzed and evaluated by geNorm, NormFinder, ΔCT algorithm, and RefFinder software. The results showed that the expression of UBC and RPL was relatively stable in 6 different parts, and UBC and GAPDH genes were relatively stable under different intervention conditions. To verify the reliability of reference genes for K. heteroclita, this study further examined the relative expression levels of KhFPS, KhIDI, KhCAS, KhSQE, KhSQS, KhSQS-2, KhHMGS, KhHMGR, KhMVD, KhMVK, KhDXR, KhDXS, KhPMVK, and KhGGPS in different parts and under different intervention conditions, which might relate to the synthesis of the main component(Xuetongsu) of K. heteroclita. The results showed that with UBC and RPL or UBC and GAPDH as the reference genes, the expression trends of these 14 genes were basically consistent in different parts or under different intervention conditions for K. heteroclita. In conclusion, UBC can be used as a reference gene of K. heteroclita for its different parts and different intervention conditions, which lays a foundation for further research on the biosynthetic pathway of main components in K. heteroclita.
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods* ; Reference Standards ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal

The formulation and revision of the detection methods of indoor air quality standards is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. The standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022) were issued by the State Administration of Market Regulation and the Standardization Administration on July 11, 2022, and implemented on February 1, 2023 by replacing indoor air quality standards (GB/T 18883-2002). The revised standard specifies hygienic requirements for physical, chemical, biological and radioactive indicators in indoor air and the corresponding test methods. This article interpreted the revision background, drafting principles, main indicators and methods, as well as the revision basis of the standards. Recommendations for the implementation of the standards are also proposed.
Humans ; Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control* ; Environmental Monitoring ; Reference Standards ; China ; Air Pollutants/analysis*

The formulation and revision of the detection methods of indoor air quality standards is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. This paper introduced the formulation and revision of the detection methods of the standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022), focusing on the revision process, revision principles, main adjustments and technical points of some key indicators to facilitate users to better understand and apply the detection methods in standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022).
Humans ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; China ; Reference Standards ; Air Pollutants/analysis*

The formulation and revision of the detection methods of indoor air quality standards is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. The standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022) were issued by the State Administration of Market Regulation and the Standardization Administration on July 11, 2022, and implemented on February 1, 2023 by replacing indoor air quality standards (GB/T 18883-2002). The revised standard specifies hygienic requirements for physical, chemical, biological and radioactive indicators in indoor air and the corresponding test methods. This article interpreted the revision background, drafting principles, main indicators and methods, as well as the revision basis of the standards. Recommendations for the implementation of the standards are also proposed.
Humans ; Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control* ; Environmental Monitoring ; Reference Standards ; China ; Air Pollutants/analysis*

The formulation and revision of the detection methods of indoor air quality standards is an important, rigorous and delicate endeavor. This paper introduced the formulation and revision of the detection methods of the standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022), focusing on the revision process, revision principles, main adjustments and technical points of some key indicators to facilitate users to better understand and apply the detection methods in standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022).
Humans ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; China ; Reference Standards ; Air Pollutants/analysis*

Objective: To construct growth standards for Chinese children under 7 years of age. Methods: Cross-sectional study design based on national representative data on children's growth and development in 2015 was used. Stratified cluster sampling method was used. A total of 83 628 healthy children aged 0-<7 years from 9 cities, including Beijing, Harbin, Xi'an, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Fuzhou, and Kunming, were investigated from June to November 2015, excluding those with adverse conditions that may impact the establishment of the growth standards. Weight, length (height) and head circumference were measured using unified measurement tools and measurement methods. The Lambda-Mu-Sigma method was employed to establish percentile and standard deviation score reference values of weight-for-age, length (height)-for-age, head circumference-for-age, weight-for-length (height) and body mass index (BMI)-for-age of the study population. The standard deviation score curves of the new-established growth standards were compared with the 2009 reference standards. Results: Reference values of percentile (P₃, P₁₀, P₂₅, P₅₀, P₇₅, P₉₀, P₉₇) and standard deviation score (-3, -2, -1, 0,+1,+2,+3) of weight-for-age, length (height)-for-age, head circumference-for-age, weight-for-length (height) and BMI-for-age were obtained. Compared with the 2009 growth standards, the difference of weight at P₅₀ was -0.1-0.4 kg, the difference of length (height) at P₅₀ was 0.1-1.3 cm, the difference of head circumference at P₅₀ was -0.2-0.2 cm, the difference of weight for length (height) at P₅₀ was -0.2-0.5 kg, and the difference of BMI at P₅₀ was -0.2-0.2 kg/m². The main differences were as follows: weight for girls aged 5.0-<7.0 years was 0.4-0.6 kg higher at +2 s, height for boys and girls aged 2.0-<7.0 years was 0.4-1.4 cm higher at -2 s, and BMI for boys and girls aged 5.0-<7.0 years was 0.1-0.3 kg/m² higher at +2 s than the 2009 reference standards. Conclusion: The newly established growth standards for Chinese children under 7 years of age that have achieved a minor revision to the 2009 reference standards, are recommended for nationwide use in growth monitoring and nutritional assessment.
Male ; Female ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Child Development ; Body Weight ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; East Asian People ; Body Height ; China/epidemiology* ; Reference Standards ; Reference Values ; Body Mass Index

Fermented Chinese medicine has long been used. Amid the advance for preservation of experience, the connotation of fermented Chinese medicine has been enriched and improved. However, fermented Chinese medicine prescriptions generally contain a lot of medicinals. The fermentation process is complicated and the conventional fermentation conditions fail to be strictly controlled. In addition, the judgment of the fermentation end point is highly subjective. As a result, quality of fermented Chinese medicine is of great difference among regions and unstable. At the moment, the quality standards of fermented Chinese medicine are generally outdated and different among regions, with simple quality control methods and lacking objective safe fermentation-specific evaluation indictors. It is difficult to comprehensively evaluate and control the quality of fermented medicine. These problems have aroused concern in the industry and also affected the clinical application of fermented Chinese medicine. This article summarized and analyzed the application, quality standards, and the modernization of fermentation technology and quality control methods of fermented Chinese medicine and proposed suggestions for improving the quality standards of the medicine, with a view to improving the overall quality of it.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Reference Standards ; Quality Control ; Fermentation

Standard drafting is an important part in the process of standard formulation and revision. By analyzing the status of the medical device industry standards drafting, thoughts and suggestions were proposed to further promote all relevant parties to actively participate in the standard drafting, effectively improve the quality of the standards, strengthen the technical support and promote the high-quality development of the industry. The statistical data of the participation of social organizations in the drafting and as the first unit drafting medical devices standards from 2017 to 2021 was researched, and the problems in the drafting of standards at this stage were analyzed. Based on the research and analyses, some thoughts and suggestions were proposed to strengthen the management of standard drafting units and promote the participation of all relevant parties in standard drafting. It is necessary to expand and enhance social participation in standard drafting further by innovating incentives, refining and strengthening normative requirements, and creating a positive social atmosphere.
Reference Standards ; China ; Industry

Medicinal plants or Chinese materia medica (CMM) are now attracting worldwide attention as they have increasingly prominent advantages over chemical drugs in disease treatment and healthcare. Since the 1990s, World Health Organization (WHO) and International Organization for Standardization established the Technical Committee of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ISO/TC 249) have carried out the development of quality standards on medicinal plants or CMMs respectively, and a considerable number of monographs and international standards have been published. Since the two international organizations adhere to different principles, the standards they develop naturally have different emphasis. Driven by market demand and international trade, ISO mainly takes quality, efficacy and safety into consideration when developing standards, while WHO pays more attention to clinical practice, quality control and medication guidance. Up to now, there is a lack of comparative analysis on the records, background, principles, basic content, and main requirements of quality standards on medicinal plants or CMMs respectively published by WHO and ISO. Therefore, based on international standards of CMM developed by ISO/TC 249 platform and WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, this paper systematically compares the purposes, selected principles, standard-developing process, basic content, and main quality requirements to summarize their similarities and differences, and find their merits, aiming to serve as a reference to the development of international standards for CMMs that helps them go global.
Materia Medica/therapeutic use* ; Plants, Medicinal ; Commerce ; Internationality ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Reference Standards ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; China