The target of The national Tuberculosis Program is 100% of incidence of tuberculosis received treatment DOTS in 2002. The main problem in carrying out DOTS currently is can be able use national budgets, sponsored organization. The data, the interested issues in evaluating health economic: cost counting rules, cost analyzing steps, specify investment resources, cost list and classification, cost measurement, define cost unit of income cost, money time value, amortization, divide cost in to each year, distribution resources, social method for distribution resources, effective of distribution, distribute personal, resources, select a suitable resources and relating to labor resource of offices
Tuberculosis ; Quantum Dots ; supply & distribution ; economics

Quantum dots, as a new kind of biological fluorescence material, have properties superior to the traditional organic dyes. In the recent decade, researches about the application of quantum dots in biomedicine have made great progress. Tumor markers have vital importance in the diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma; however, they are not widely used for lack of specificity and sensitivity. Researches about applications of quantum dots in the detection of tumor markers are centralized in three aspects, namely the detection of serum/plasma tumor markers, the detection of tissue and cell tumor markers (such as molecular imaging of cell and tissue), and the detection of tumor in vivo animals. A combination of quantum dots and flow cytometry technique for developing a new technique to detect multiple kinds of tumor markers at the same time with greater sensitivity, specificity, rapidity and convenience may have the potential for clinical use of quantum dots.
Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Humans ; Quantum Dots

The bionic optic nerve can mimic human visual physiology and is a future treatment for visual disorders. Photosynaptic devices could respond to light stimuli and mimic normal optic nerve function. By modifying (Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythio-phene):poly (styrenesulfonate)) active layers with all-inorganic perovskite quantum dots, with an aqueous solution as the dielectric layer in this paper, we developed a photosynaptic device based on an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). The optical switching response time of OECT was 3.7 s. To improve the optical response of the device, a 365 nm, 300 mW·cm ^-2 UV light source was used. Basic synaptic behaviors such as postsynaptic currents (0.225 mA) at a light pulse duration of 4 s and double pulse facilitation at a light pulse duration of 1 s and pulse interval of 1 s were simulated. By changing the way light stimulates, for example, by adjusting the intensity of the light pulses from 180 to 540 mW·cm ^-2, the duration from 1 to 20 s, and the number of light pulses from 1 to 20, the postsynaptic currents were increased by 0.350 mA, 0.420 mA, and 0.466 mA, respectively. As such, we realized the effective shift from short-term synaptic plasticity (100 s recovery of initial value) to long-term synaptic plasticity (84.3% of 250 s decay maximum). This optical synapse has a high potential for simulating the human optic nerve.
Humans ; Quantum Dots ; Bionics ; Oxides ; Optic Nerve

Antigens ; analysis ; Microarray Analysis ; methods ; Quantum Dots ; Semiconductors

As a new type of carbon nanomaterials, fluorescent carbon dots (fluorescent CDs) have many advantages when compared with the traditional fluorescent probes. They are photoluminescence stable and resistance to photo bleaching. Moreover, they are excellent in biocompatibility, low-toxic and easy to modify. All these above make them a promising optical image material as a probe in optical image. This article reviews structure, the common carbon sources, the preparation methods, and the light-emitting principles of the carbon dots. We also introduce the research progress of fluorescent carbon dots in biomedicine, and the problems need to be resolved in the study of fluorescent CDs.
Carbon ; chemistry ; Fluorescent Dyes ; chemistry ; Nanostructures ; chemistry ; Quantum Dots ; chemistry

Quantum dots(QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals composed of element from the periodic groups of II(-IIIIII( or III(-IIIII(, which possess wide excitation spectra and narrow emission spectra. The maximum emission wavelength of QDs can be controlled in a relatively simple manner by variation of particle size and composition. QDs can be tuned at a variety of precise wavelengths from ultraviolet(UV) to near infrared(NIR). QDs can be conjugated to a wide range of biological targets, including monoclonal antibodies, proteins, polymers and nucleic acid probes. These characteristics make it not only for revealing interaction of nucleic acids, proteins and other biological macromolecules, by biological imaging but also for detection of lymph node metastasis through preoperative and introperative lymphatic imaging. Along with the continuously improvement of observation techniques and quantum dot structure optimization in recent years, the research on lymph node imaging is ongoing.
Diagnostic Imaging ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Proteins ; Quantum Dots

BACKGROUND: Fat grafting, or lipofilling, represent frequent clinically used entities. The fate of these transplants is still not predictable, whereas only few animal models are available for further research. Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals which can be conveniently tracked in vivo due to photoluminescence. METHODS: Fat grafts in cluster form were labeled with cadmium-telluride (CdTe)-QD 770 and transplanted subcutaneously in a murine in vivo model. Photoluminescence levels were serially followed in vivo. RESULTS: Tracing of fat grafts was possible for 50 days with CdTe-QD 770. The remaining photoluminescence was 4.9%±2.5% for the QDs marked fat grafts after 30 days and 4.2%± 1.7% after 50 days. There was no significant correlation in the relative course of the tracking signal, when vital fat transplants were compared to non-vital graft controls. CONCLUSIONS: For the first-time fat grafts were tracked in vivo with CdTe-QDs. CdTe-QDs could offer a new option for in vivo tracking of fat grafts for at least 50 days, but do not document vitality of the grafts.
Adipocytes ; Adipose Tissue* ; Models, Animal ; Quantum Dots* ; Transplantation ; Transplants*

Semiconductor nanoparticles generate photoelectrons and photo-induced holes under light excitation, and thus may influence the growth of microbial cells. The highly oxidative holes may severely damage the cells, while the photoelectrons may promote microbial metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the effect of exogenous cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles on bacterial growth using OD₆₀₀ and colony forming unit (CFU) as indicators. The oxidase activities, the concentration of pyruvate and malondialdehyde, and the expression of relevant genes assessed by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR were analyzed to investigate the effect of excited CdS on cellular metabolism. The results showed that the OD₆₀₀ and pyruvate accumulation of E. coli increased by 32.4% and 34.6%, respectively, under light conditions. Moreover, the relative expression level of the division protein gene ftsZ was increased more than 50%, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway gene icdA and gltA increased by 86% and 103%, respectively. The results indicated that photoelectrons could be used by microorganisms, resulting in promoted growth and metabolism. This study gives a deep insight into the interaction between nanoparticles and bacteria.
Escherichia coli/metabolism* ; Nanoparticles ; Cadmium Compounds/metabolism* ; Quantum Dots

OBJECTIVETo study if quantum dots fluorescent probes can be applied to detect P53 protein and Bcl-2 protein in tissue of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

METHODSBy indirect immunofluorescence assay the same particle size quantum dots fluorescent probes were applied to detect P53 protein and Bcl-2 protein respectively. Different particle size quantum dots fluorescent probes were applied to detect P53 protein and Bcl-2 protein simultaneously in paraffin-embedded tissue section of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma under fluorescent microscope.

RESULTSP53 protein and Bcl-2 protein can be combined with quantum dots fluorescent probes and specific fluorescene can be observed with ultraviolet light excited. P53 protein was mainly distributed in the nucleus, and Bcl-2 protein major in the cytoplasm. P53 protein and Bcl-2 protein can be combined with different particle size quantum dots fluorescent probes respectively in the same paraffin-embedded tissue section of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma and two kinds of fluorescene can be observed.

CONCLUSIONQuantum dots fluorescent probes can be applied to detect two kinds of specific protein in paraffin-embedded tissue section of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVETo prepare semiconductor quantum dots (SQD)-Smad4 monoclonal antibody fluorescent probes and to detect the optical qualities and the ability of specific recognition of the probes.

METHODSSQD were chemically modified with Smad4 monoclonal antibody proteins to prepare water soluble probes, and the fluorescence intensity, photostability, absorption spectra and emission spectra of the probes were studied. The location of Smad4 in rat dental papillae cells (RDPC) was examined by SP anti-Smad4 immunocytochemical method and SQD-Smad4 direct immunofluorescent imaging.

RESULTSSQD and monoclonal antibody covalently bonded to form the fluorescent probes which could specifically recognize Smad4 in RDPC. These fluorescent probes still had properties, including broad absorption band, narrow emission band, high fluorescence intensity and photostability.

CONCLUSIONSSQD and monoclonal antibody could covalently bond to form the fluorescent probes with distinct optics character and ability of specific recognization, which provides the scientific evidence that SQD trace the molecular movement in living cells in long-term, in situ and in real time.