In this paper, first of all we compared psychoanalysis with psychodrama by a historical point of view. Next, we reviewed group Psychotherapy generally and considered the position of psychodrama through the comparison with various types of soup psychotherapy On the basis of this consideration, we compared Yalom's group psychotherapy as a typical type of group psychotherapy with psychodrama. Lastly, we discussed the application of group psychotherapy and psychodrama to each other. Psychoanalysis, psychodrama, and group psychotherapy developed separately at similar times in different fields. finally, these three fields met with one another in the field of psychiatry. Each of these three fields changed itself as a result of absorbing various things from one another. Therefore, nowadays these fields became to have a close relation with one another. Psychodrama is in a position as a type of group psychotherapies, so it is important to understand group Psychotherapy generally for understanding Psychodrama. Psychodrama has similar aspects to other group psychotherapies, but also has different aspects from other group psychotherapies. When we understand these aspects, we can conduct therapeutic works effectively in practice. Psychodrama's methods can be applied to group psychotherapy and group psychotherapy's theories can applied to psychodrama. When psychodrama and group psychotherapy takes good points from the other side they can make progress.
Psychoanalysis ; Psychodrama* ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotherapy, Group*

This article on 'group dynamics' is the last part following the 'history and prospect' and the 'theory and practice', series composed of three parts to understand the group psychotherapy. To explain the core theme concerning the group dynamics, we compared the therapeutic group in clinical scope with the work group in social scope for convenience. And this article principally was for the therapeutic group. We can discover many similarities between groups and organizations when we observe the details although they appear quite different with different goals. Therefore, if the leader of a group in the clinical and social setup has a full knowledge in group dynamics, he would be effective in functional roles with increased sensitivity and understanding of group process. This article was written in order of the history of group dynamics, the theory of group dynamics, group development, and leadership. The group psychotherapy derives from individual psychotherapy. To lead group psychotherapy successfully, Therapists have to be knowledgeable not only of the concept of psychotherapy but also the concept of group dynamics.
Group Processes ; Leadership ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotherapy, Group*

OBJECTIVE: Conformity is defined as the act of adjusting one's behavior to match the social responses of others. Patients with schizophrenia often adjust their maladaptive behaviors by conforming in group treatment settings. This study aimed to examine whether the opinions of group members influence conformity of patients with schizophrenia who attend day-hospital programs. METHODS: Nineteen patients with schizophrenia from four different day-hospital programs and 23 healthy controls from four different social clubs completed the homographic meaning choice task under conditions of prior exposure to the pseudo-opinions of their group members, strangers, and unknown information sources. Group influences on conformity were observed when the level of group cohesiveness was high and the level of intimacy was low across participant groups. RESULTS: Controls did not exhibit a significant effect of group influence on conformity, whereas patients were significantly influenced by their group members when making conformity-based decisions despite significantly lower intimacy and cohesiveness levels. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that unlike controls, patients with schizophrenia tend to respond with conformity when influenced by the opinions of their affiliated group. In patients with schizophrenia group conformity may be used to select a more accurate decision and to enhance feelings of affiliation among them.
Humans ; Psychotherapy, Group ; Schizophrenia*

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the therapeutic factors of group psychotherapy and psychodrama which were applied to psychotic patients, and to compare the therapeutic characteristics of two therapies. METHODS: The subjects of this study were patients of a day hospital from September 1996 to May 1997. The subjects were composed of 35 psychotic patents(22 males, 13 females). Both of group psychotherapy and psychodrama were done to the patients of the day hospital. After these therapeutic factors were checked by the members of group psychotherapy, the protagonists of psychodrama, and the audience of psychodrama using 13 therapeutic factors scale. All three groups divided into higher functioning group and lower functioning group by mutual consent of the therapists in the treatment team meeting according to the patient's life of the day hospital, the attitude in programs, and the state during the interview with the therapist. And then therapeutic factors of higher and lower functioning group were compared. By the mean score of each therapeutic factor the rank of therapeutic factors was decided. By these ranks we compared the important therapeutic factors on the members of group psychotherapy, the protagonists, and the audience. RESULTS: The results were as follows : 1) The protagonists of psychodrama set a very high value on 'catharsis' and 'the corrective recapitulation of the primary family group', regardless of their functional level. 2) The protagonists with a higher function set a higher value on 'guidance of therapists', while those who had a lower function set a higher value on 'guidance of members'. 3) The audience of psychodrama set a very high value on 'identification with therapists', 'identification with members', and set a high value on 'universality'. 4) The higher functioning group of the group psychotherapy, the audience, and the protagonists set a high value on 'interpersonal learning', especially the patients of group psychotherapyset a very high value on 'interpersonal learning' 5) The lower functioning group of the protagonists and the group psychotherapy set a high value on 'development of socializing techniques'. CONCLUSION: From the results of this study, we can draw some suggestions. First, if therapists take the above-mentioned therapeutic factors into consideration during the sessions of group psychotherapy or psychodrama, they can obtain more effective therapeutic outcome. Second, it is desirable that both group psychotherapy and psychodrama should be used more extensively as important methods of treatment in clinical settings. Third, the combination of group psychotherapy and psychodrama would be more effective than the separate application of each therapy.
Humans ; Male ; Psychodrama* ; Psychotherapy, Group*

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to make a model of large group psychodrama suitable for Korean inpatients and easy for psychiatrists trained in the individual psychotherapy and the group psychotherapy to use, to investigate the therapeutic factors after applying this model to inpatients, and then to contribute to the treatment of inpatients. METHODS: The study subjects were all the inpatients and the therapists(the auxiliary ego's) who participated in psychodrama from March 1998 to September 1998. The subjects were composed of 346 inpatients(152 males, 194 females) and 60 therapists. To the inpatients 13-Therapeutic Factors Scale, Scale of General Attitude to Psychodrama, and the Questionnaire describing helpful things in psychodrama were administered. To the therapists 13-Therapeutic Factors Scale and the Questionnaire describing helpful things in psychodrama were administered. The inpatient group were divided into 4 groups(the audience, the auxiliary ego's, the participants in sharing, the protagonists). The therapeutic factors among 4 groups were compared. RESULTS: First, the therapeutic factors described by the inpatient group were as follows: 1) Most inpatients made great account of 'existential factor' and 'the corrective recapitulation of the primary family group' regardless of their roles in psychodrama. 2) The inpatients who participated in psychodrama directly as the protagonists, the auxiliary ego's, or the participants in sharing made much account of 'development of socializing techniques'. The inpatients who participated in psychodrama more directly as the protagonists or the auxiliary ego's made much account of 'catharsis'. 3) All the inpatients except the protagonists made much account of 'instillation of hope'. 4) The audience made much account of 'identification' and 'universality'. Especially, 'identification with members' was much accounted of by the participants in sharing. 'Universality' also was much accounted of by the auxiliary ego's. Next, when we compared the therapeutic factors in the inpatient group with those in the therapist group, the therapist group made much account of 'group cohesiveness' which the inpatient group made little account of. And the therapist group made no account of 'development of socializing techniques' which the inpatient group made much account of. CONCLUSION: By dividing the inpatient group according to their roles, we found the characteristics of the inpatient large group psychodrama and of the therapeutic factors according to the roles of the inpatients. This model could be applied to the treatment for the inpatients easily and was helpful to many inpatients on the whole.
Humans ; Inpatients* ; Male ; Psychiatry ; Psychodrama* ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotherapy, Group ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on improving adolescents' behavioral problems, especially violent behavior. METHOD: The subjects were 27 middle school students referred by their teachers for behavioral problems. We devided them into 4 teams and treated them for 15 sessions of cognitive-behavioral group therapy. The control group were 20 middle school students who had no cognitive-behavioral therapy. We assessed their behaviors pre- and post intervention by two series of scale, ie. self ratings and teacher ratings. Self ratings included 'misbehavior scales' and 'violent behavior subscale'; teacher ratings included 'teacher-children rating scale' and 'detection of misbehavior scale'. RESULT: 1)In self-rating scales, the misbehavior of the subject group decreased more than the coltrol group, but not the violent scale. There were statistically significant group differences of improving effect in misbehavior scales. 2)In teacher rating scales, there was no significant decrease in the behavioral problems of the subject group. 3)By teams there were significant different intervention effects among 4 teams in self rating misbehavior scale. Team 2 improved on all scales except teacher-rating detection of misbehavior scale. 4)Determinant factors of intervention effect on behavioral problems were the degree of baseline behavioral problems, sex of subjects and therapist. CONCLUSION: The results from this study suggest that cognitive-behavioral group therapy was effective in decreasing the behavioral problems of adolescents. But the effect of therapy depends on sex, the degree of behavioral problems of subjects and the therapist.
Adolescent ; Humans ; Psychotherapy, Group* ; Violence ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTS: The purpose of this study was to present a model of inpatient group psychotherapy led by a doctor in charge, to evaluate this model in practice, and to give a effective inpatient treatment by application of this model. METHODS: The subject composed of 25 psychiatric inpatient. The authors performed this model of group psychotherapy for 6 months and evaluate this model by objective data. Also we analyzed this model globally to get comprehensive understandings. RESULTS: The results of the objective data were as follows: 1) This model was effective to subside patients' symptoms. And the patients estimated this model to be important and helpful to them. 2) Identification with therapist' among therapeutic factors was high rank. This meant that therapist him- or her-self is a important tool for therapy. 3) Therapeutic factors in upper level group was much different from those in lower level group. And various therapeutic factors was used complementarily between two groups. 4) To check '13 therapeutic factors' repeatedly made the patients acquire therapeutic factors spontaneously. And to check 'the most important event' repeatedly gave the opportunity of self-reflection. The results of global analysis to this model were as follows: 1) This group psychotherapy gave a field in which a therapist met patients as human being. 2) This model was easy to perform, and helpful to a comprehensive therapeutic approach. 3) This model was able to make the basis of continuous outpatient and day hospital treatment, and the basis of outpatient group psychotherapy or individual psychotherapy. 4) In this model, social workers, nurses, or students in practice played a role of the healthy ego. Therefore they were able to activate group psychotherapy. 5) This model was a practical and useful tool of the education for psychiatric residents, medical students, social works, and other students. CONCLUSION: This model of group psychotherapy was useful f3r inpatient treatment and easy to perform in general.
Education ; Ego ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Outpatients ; Psychiatry* ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotherapy, Group* ; Social Workers ; Students, Medical

Group psychotherapy is an important therapy far inpatient treatment. A lot of studies proved the effect of inpatient group psychotherapy. Therefore it is necessary to use group psychotherapy actively for inpatient treatment. There are many models of inpatient group psychotherapy made in foreign counties. But It is difficult to apply those models themselves directly in Korean inpatient unit, and so it is an urgent issue to make an inpatient group psychotherapy model that fits Korean inpatient unit setting. According to this need we made our paper in order to introduce an effective model of group psychotherapy for Korean inpatients in detail, and then to provide opportunity for effective inpatient treatment. The characteristics of this inpatient group psychotherapy model are as follows. 1) This model of group psychotherapy give a field in which a therapist encounter inpatients as a human being. 2) This model is easy to perform generally, and helpful to a comprehensive therapeutic approach for inpatients. 3) In this model heterogeneous inpatients participate in a same one group, therefore this model is able to apply various inpatients. 4) This model makes the basis of continuous outpatient treatment or day hospital treatment, and the basis of outpatient group psychotherapy or individual psychotherapy. 5) Group functions as a social microcosm, and so reveals patient's interpersonal relationship and gives the opportunity to treat it. Therefore group helps patients to be adapted well to inpatient unit and society. 6) In this model, social workers, nurses, or students in practice play a role of healthy egos or observers, and so they can activate group psychotherapy. And this model co be used as a practical and useful tool of the education for psychiatric residents, medical students, social workers, and other students. Psychiatrists seem to be less interested in group psychotherapy than other mental heath practitioners. But it may be appropriate for well trained psychiatrists to use group psychotherapy with individual psychotherapy.
Education ; Ego ; Humans ; Inpatients* ; Outpatients ; Psychiatry* ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotherapy, Group* ; Social Workers ; Students, Medical

As an alternative to group psychotherapy, worked out by Dr. Moreno, the psychodrama is being carried on mainly for a large group of inpatients at 40-50% of the country's psychiatric and training hospitals. The authors have developed a Korean psychodrama model for a group mental health having following characteristics:(1) a one-time treatment, (2) open-group therapy, and (3) structured, large group approach. Korean psychodrama model was proved to be a low cost, highly effective approach in that patients could be dealt with en masse to quite a satisfactory degree: at the same time Korean psychodrama model is easily accessible for any psychiatric doctor or trainee in dealing with a patient. In addition, Korean psychodrama model is highly conducive to experiencing and training related people in psychotherapeutic practice as this model has shown up 79.4% approval rate among patients after treatment. Due to the recent crunch in medical insurance financing, psychotherapy is changing from individual long-term type to a more time-limited type. Despite the mental health law passed in 1995, from the human psychotherapy standpoint, the worsening economic situation has made it difficult for a psychiatrist to deal with patient on a one-to-one basis. As a result, the burden of most psychiatrists, is snowballing day by day. In this context psychodrama seems to be a promising, reliable alternative to group psychotherapy, both medically and economically. It will be a treatment modality for years to come.
Humans ; Inpatients* ; Insurance ; Jurisprudence ; Mental Health ; Psychiatry ; Psychodrama* ; Psychotherapy ; Psychotherapy, Group

Among the mood disorders in the elderly aged older than 65, dysthymia, major depression, and mania constitute the prototypes and depressed mood is the most frequent symptom. The mode of psychotherapy and psychosocial therapy for geriatric depression, which are similar throughout adulhood, include brief dynamic psychotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, supportive psychotherapy, cognitive therapy, family therapy, and group therapy. Psychotherapy alone is of value primarily in dysthymia and major depression. Short-term cognitive therapy, brief dynamic psychotherapy, and interpersonal psychothearapy have been found to be effective, without medications, in high-functioning elders suffering from major depression with minimal or no cognitive impairment. Cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy may be the treatment of choice in the depressed medically ill. Whatever technique is utilized, it is important to be aware of the dynamic issues that are prevalent in geriatric depression patients, as well as the transference and countertransferenc problems that may be aroused.
Aged ; Bipolar Disorder ; Cognitive Therapy ; Depression ; Family Therapy ; Humans ; Mood Disorders* ; Psychoanalysis ; Psychotherapy* ; Psychotherapy, Group