No abstract available.
Probiotics*

No abstract available.
Probiotics

BACKGROUND: Among critically ill pediatric patients, a common complication experienced is nosocomial pneumonia. One field that garnered special interests as an alternative and promising way of preventing infection is the utilization of Probiotics. But whether it can prevent occurrence of ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP) among critically ill pediatric patients remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether probiotic supplementation will prevent the incidence of ventilatorassociated pneumonia among critically ill pediatric patients. METHODS: Literature search was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SciHub, Herdin, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 1980 and 2016. The reviewers extracted data and reviewed the quality of the studies independently. RESULTS: Three randomized controlled studies with a total of 327 pediatric patients admitted at the PICU were analyzed. Pooled analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in nosocomial pneumonia rates (odd ratio [OR] = 0.31, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.55, P< 0.0001, I 2 = 53%) and statistically significant difference was found regarding overall mortality (OR =0.51 , 95% CI 0.30 to 0.88, P = 0.01, I 2 = 0%) due to probiotics. However, no statistically significant difference was found between groups regarding duration of stay in the PICU (Mean Difference [MD] in days = 2.93, 95% CI 1.84 to 4.01, P < 0.00001, I2 = 97% ), and duration of stay in the hospital (MD = 4.33 days, 95% CI 2.85 to 5.81, P < .00001, I 2 = 97%). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The use of probiotics was associated with statistically significant reduction in the incidence of VAP in critically ill children. However, larger and well-designed, multi-center, RCTs are needed to further establish the effects of probiotic in the pediatric population of critically ill children who are at risk of developing nosocomial infection.
Probiotics

Many studies have shown that probiotic strains added to a number of probiotic products are not compatible to that of claimed. It is thus of note to validate probiotic strains added to probiotic products. In this study, three probiotic drinks, A, B and C, were cultured on MRS agar and the number of bacterial colonies was enumerated. The bacterial counts recovered from A (9.3 ± 6.9 log CFU/ml) and C (9.0 ± 6.9 log CFU/ml) were signifi cantly higher than B (5.2 ± 3.5 log CFU/ml) and achieved the minimal amount recommended for probiotic bacteria. All of the isolates appeared as gram positive rods microscopically and were proven to be catalase negative. However, there were only A1, A2, B4 and C1 that were highly tolerant to the gastrointestinal pH 3 to 6. The four isolates produced and secreted antimicrobial substances which inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). C1 showed the greatest growth inhibition by forming 17.50-mm and 17.85-mm inhibition zones against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. The 16s rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to further identify the twelve isolates. The twelve isolates were found to be Lactobacillus (L.), particularly L. casei and L. paracasei. However, the bacteria isolated from drink B were incompatible to the labelled ones. In conclusion, probiotic drinks are possible to contain different bacterial counts and probiotic strains from the labelled ones. These differences might affect health benefi ts rendered by probiotic strains to consumers.
Probiotics

Aims: Lactobacillus sp. has capability of producing an array of bioactive metabolites that exhibit probiotic effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity effect of proteinaceous postbiotic metabolites (PPM) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum I-UL4 cultivated in different media composition on MCF-7 breast cancer cell. Methodology and results: L. plantarum I-UL4 was cultivated in yeast extract and modified de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth containing Tween 80 (CRMRS+T80) or without Tween-80 (CRMRS-T80). Human breast adenocarcinoma cell (MCF-7) was employed as cancer cell in this study. Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects of PPM were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl Tetrazolium Bromide assay and Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion assay, whereas Acridine Orange/Propidium Iodide staining was employed to determine the cytotoxicity mechanism. PPM produced in CRMRS+T80 exerted cytotoxicity in a time and dose dependent manner that was selective towards MCF-7 cancer cell. Profound cytotoxicity with the lowest IC50 concentration of 10.83 µg was detected at 72 h of incubation, whereas the most potent antiproliferative effect revealed by the lowest viable cell population was observed at 24 h of incubation. PPM cultivated in CRMRS+T80 induced 80.87% of apoptotic MCF-7 cells at 48 h of incubation. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: PPM of L. plantarum I-UL4 cultivated in different media composition induced different levels of MCF-7 cancer cell death. The percentage of apoptotic MCF-7 cells treated with PPM cultivated in CRMRS+T80 increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 24 to 48 h of incubation. The results obtained in this study have revealed the potential of PPM produced by L. plantarum I-UL4 as human health supplement and as anticancer preventive agent. Keywords: Lactobacillus plantarum I-UL4; cytotoxic effect; proteinaceous postbiotic metabolites; media composition; breast cancer
Lactobacillus ; Probiotics

No abstract available.
Constipation* ; Microbiota* ; Probiotics*

In the last 11 years recently the contaminated rate was very low (291/6382 samples). 0.45% and decreased dramatically in the past 3 years (2000-2003 period). The most common contaminated germs were primarily gram(+) bacteria (60% - 195/320 samples). 4.6% of samples were contamined with fungi (15/320), which should be erradicated completely
Biochemistry ; Bacillus subtilis ; Probiotics

Aims: Dietary intake of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) by human is insufficient to exhibit properties of anti-cancer, antiinflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-obesity and enhancing immune system. Thus, enrichment of CLA in chicken by bacteria is a suggestion to solve the problem. It would be an advantage to have bacteria capable of producing CLA and has probiotic potential in chicken. Thus, probiotic properties of CLA-producing bacteria were accessed in this study. Methodology and results: In this study, 47 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from gastrointestinal tract of chickens were screened for conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production. Lactobacillus salivarius strain P2, Enterococcus faecium strain P1 and Lactobacillus agilis strain P3 were shown to produce 21.97, 23.35 and 31.08 µg/mL of CLA in MRS broth containing free linoleic acid (0.5 mg/mL) and 2% (w/v) Tween 80, respectively. Lactobacillus salivarius strain P2, E. faecium strain P1 and L. agilis strain P3 were found to be able to tolerate 0.3% oxgall (Difco, France) and pH 2.5. Lactobacillus agilis strain P3 and L. salivarius strain P2 showed better acid tolerance compared to E. faecium strain P1. Besides that, L. agilis strain P3 and L. salivarius strain P2 were resistant to two out of eight types of antibiotics tested, able to produce 220.04 mM lactic acid and 200.17 mM of lactic acid, respectively. Enterococcus faecium strain P1 was resistant to five out of eight types of antibiotic tested, produced 90.39 mM lactic acid and showed hemolytic activity. Only L. agilis strain P3 can produce acetic acid at a concentration of 2.71 mM. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: These results showed that the CLA-producing L. salivarius strain P2 and L. agilis strain P3 could be potential probiotic bacteria for chickens, which may eventually lead to production of chicken with better meat quality.
Linoleic Acids, Conjugated ; Probiotics

No abstract available.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Probiotics

INTRODUCTION: Probiotics such as Saccharomyces boulardii are now advocated for the treatment of diarrhea. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of diarrhea. METHODS: MEDLINE, EBSCO, Clinical Key, and the Cochrane Library were searched for clinical trials which used Saccharomyces boulardii as primary or adjuvant treatment for diarrhea. Outcomes included were treatment success in the form of cessation of diarrhea, decrease in the duration of diarrhea, decrease in hospital days, and improvement of dehydration. The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Critical Appraisal tool together with the Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias, RevMan 5.4 for encoding, and the Mantel-Haenszel method for analysis to compute a pooled result. RESULTS: Eleven clinical trials involving 1,541 participants were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Seven studies showed a non-significant overall decrease in the duration of diarrhea of 1.65 days (p = 0.25), five studies showed an overall significant beneficial response (RR = 1.68, p < 0.001) in the cessation of diarrhea. There was a statistically significant mean decrease (1.01 days, p < 0.001) in duration of hospitalization; and a statistically significant decrease (0.18 days or 4.32 hours, p = 0.04) in the duration of vomiting. CONCLUSION A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 clinical trials favors the use of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment of diarrhea in terms of cessation of diarrhea, decrease in the duration of hospitalization and duration of vomiting.
Saccharomyces boulardii ; Probiotics ; Diarrhea