This study aimed to determine the rate of HIV, BBC and HCV infection and some risk factors of infections among prisoner in 5 prisons in Thanh Hãa during 4/2000 - 7/2001. The results showed that the rates of HIV, HBV and HCV infection were 15.7%, 22.9% and 61.9%, respectively. The risk factors included tutoring, repeated use of syringe and needle, improper sterilization of syringes and duration of drug addiction more than 12 months. The intercourse before marriage, blood transfusion influenced unclearly on the HIV, HBV and HCV infection
Substance-Related Disorders ; Prisons ; HIV

Objective: This study aims to establish the validity and reliability of the Malaytranslated version of the CES-D. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional study design. The participants were female inmates (n=90) from local prisons which were selected based on purposive-selective sampling. The analyses include face validation, factor analysis, and reliability testing. A test-retest was conducted within a one-week interval. Results: The mean score for depression among the participants is 18.97 (SD=6.51). Further descriptive analysis showed that 58.9% of them scored above the mean score, which is considered high. Preliminary construct validation analysis confirmed that factor analysis was appropriate for the Malay-translated version of the CES-D. Furthermore, the factor analysis showed similar factor loadings to the original English version. The total internal consistency of the translated version, which was measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, was equal to 0.75. The test-retest reliability of the total score, measured by Pearson’s correlation was equal to 0.69. Conclusions: Face validity, construct validity, and reliability analysis were found satisfactory for the Malay-translated version of the CES-D. The Malay-translated version of the CES-D was found valid and reliable to be used in future studies, with comparable properties to the original version and to previous studies.
Depression ; Female ; Prisons ; Validation Studies

Respect for human life and respect for human rights are basic values which the organized nursing profession has urged its members to adhere to in their service to human being. This study was designed and carried out to identify ways to reconcile often conflicting basic values in practice. This study focused on ethical dilemma experienced by nurses who were caring for political offenders in prison. Concrete case study was presented to show solutions to the problems.
Criminals ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Nursing ; Prisons

A cross-sectional study was performed on 536 people on July 2003. The percentage of HIV knowledge of both groups was 95%, information receiving source was mainly from television (92-97%). Besides, there were some other information receiving sources (newspaper, radio, friends); this rate was high in superintendents and was low in prisoners. The exact knowledge rate about 3 mainly infected routes was 90% in both groups, 85% thinking that need encouraging and consoling infected people, 73-89% believing that using condom from the start could prevent HIV infection and using condom could prevent HIV infection about 95%, 10-13% of people in both groups did not understand about preventing HIV infection by intravenous drugs
Knowledge ; attitude ; Culture ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Prisoners ; Prisons

In 2002 the introduction of a telemedicine clause into the Medical Law allowed telemedicine consults between physicians and health care providers. The Korean government decided to launch a pilot program to provide online health services for people who resided in rural or remote areas such as island dwellers, prisoners, soldiers, and the crew of a pelagic trawler in 2014. However, since the accessibility to medical facilities has been well-established in South Korea, it was hard to determine whether the pilot programs, in terms of safety, were successful or not. The majority of people argue that telemedicine should be performed by medical professionals only for achieving accessibility. Nonetheless, if telemedicine were proven to be useful with respect to safety and validity, then broadening the application of telemedicine between physicians and patients may need reconsideration.
Health Personnel ; Health Services ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea* ; Military Personnel ; Prisoners ; Prisons ; Telemedicine*

A human skull was discovered at the 16th-century drainage channel of market district ruins, one of the busiest streets in the capital of Joseon kingdom. By anthropological examination, we noticed the cut mark at the right occipital part of the cranium. Judging from the wound property, it might have been caused by a strong strike using a sharp-edged weapon. As no periosteal reaction or healing signs were observed at the cut mark, he might have died shortly after the skull wound was made. We speculated that this might have been of a civilian or soldier victim who died in a battle or the decapitated head of prisoner. This is the first report about the discovery of the skull damaged by sharp-edged weapon at the archaeological sites in the capital city of Joseon Kingdom.
Drainage ; Head ; Humans ; Korea* ; Military Personnel ; Prisoners ; Prisons ; Seoul* ; Skull* ; Strikes, Employee ; Weapons* ; Wounds and Injuries

The features of crimes, their causes and backgrounds of 70 army delinquents, comparing with the controls, were studied from Nov. 1st, 1976 to Nov. 20, 1976. The results were as follows : 1. Most of the delinquents were from the a diverse circumstances i.e. low education level, poor economic status, farmers and had got married. 2. The majority of the delinquents occurred within the first 2 years of the enlistment. 3. The rate of the parent-loss of the criminals was definitely higher than that of the controls. (48.6%) 4. Escapers from military service were over the half of them, and violence, steal and embezzlement were followed, The motivations of the escape from the military service was mostly domestic problem and illness ; but a lot of the criminals also escaped for amusement and pleasure. 5. The prognosis of them was relatively favorable and constructive.
Crime ; Criminals ; Education ; Humans ; Military Personnel ; Pleasure ; Prisoners* ; Prisons* ; Prognosis ; United Nations ; Violence

A case of bilateral hip flexion abduction deformity due to iliotibial band contracutre developed after prolonged sitting is reported. The patient was a 23 year-old Army convict who spent a month in a prison cell sitting on the floor all day and complained of pain in both buttocks, radiating to the knees along the hamstring muscles. There was limitation of extension of both hips and knees as well as of the thoracolumbar spine. Roentgenographic examinations revealed a diffuse irregular periosteal reaction on both ischial tuberosities. Laboratory findings were within normal limits. Yount s operation was combined with Soutter's fasciotomy on the left side and the patient was immobilized in a bilateral hip spica cast for 6 weeks. After surgery and cast immobilization, both hip and knee deformities were corrected and symptoms relieved.
Buttocks ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Contracture ; Hip ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Knee ; Muscles ; Prisons ; Spine

OBJECTIVES: To screen and collect the cases of unnatural death in custody and analyze the influences and forensic characteristics. METHODS: Total 25 cases of unnatural death in detainees in custody form 2000 to 2015 were collected. Some forensic characteristics such as gender, age, yearly incidence, causes of death, manner of death were analyzed. The public security custodies were also compared with the prisons. RESULTS: All dead involved were male, mostly were young and middle-aged adults. It showed that the number of cases tended to decrease year by year. The incidence of the injury cases were higher in public security custodies （64.7%） than that in the prisons （12.5%）. However, there was a higher suicide rate in prisons （62.5%） than that in public security custodies （23.5%）. The mainly cause of death were injury and asphyxia, there were also some cases died from intoxication and electricity. CONCLUSIONS The cases of unnatural death in custody expose some problems such as the imperfectness of law enforcement standardization, supervision loopholes and poor medical standards. A comprehensive and detailed autopsy has important implications for the identification of cause of death in custody.
Adult ; Asphyxia ; Autopsy ; Cause of Death ; Electricity ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Poisoning ; Prisons ; Suicide

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify mental health state of prisoners in correctional institutions and to develop strategies for improvement of the environment related to it. METHODS: This research included a total of 1700 inmates from three out of 50 prisons nationwide; Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R), State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Korean Version of the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, and cut down, annoy, guilty, eye-opener were applied. Additional questionnaires were employed for investigation of inmates' experience of violence within the correctional facilities and to examine utilization of mental health service before and after their admission to correctional facilities. RESULTS: Fifteen percent of the participants attained SCL-90-R T-scores of 65 or higher, which suggested that these individuals had, or were at great risk of, mental illness. As the level of anger felt by the prisoners turned out to be lower than expected, BDI scores of 22 and higher were observed in 28.1% of the inmates, and 33.6% of the prisoners had suicidal ideation. In addition, 39.1% of the total inmates were diagnosed with alcohol abuse. Twenty-one percent of the prisoners were victimized in their correctional institutions; therefore, violence may be one of the potential factors leading to stress. However, only a small percentage of the inmates requested and received counseling as a help. CONCLUSION: Mental health state among prisoners was serious and undesirable. This finding emphasizes the dire need for a system for regular assessment and improvement.
Alcoholism ; Anger ; Counseling ; Depression ; Humans ; Mental Health Services ; Mental Health* ; Prisoners* ; Prisons* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide ; Violence