No abstract available.
Inflammation* ; Neurogenesis*

No abstract available.
Adult ; Humans ; Neurogenesis

Brain ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; Neurogenesis

With focused ultrasound (FUS) and microbubbles, BBB can be transiently disrupted with a localized and non-invasive approach. BBB disruption induced by FUS has made progressions to move forward on delivery of therapeutic agents into a brain in a specific area of brain for better treatment of neurological diseases. In addition to be used as an improvement of drug delivery, BBB disruption has been found to induce biological effects such as a clearance of protein aggregation which cause Alzheimer's disease, regulation of proteins which facilitate drug uptake, and modulation of neuronal function and neurogenesis. In this review, we discuss overview about the principles of BBB opening with FUS and milestones in these biological effects of FUS-induced BBB disruption.
Alzheimer Disease ; Brain ; Microbubbles ; Neurogenesis ; Neurons ; Ultrasonography*

Müller glia (MG) are the primary support cells in the vertebrate retina, regulating homeostasis in one of the most metabolically active tissues. In lower vertebrates such as fish, they respond to injury by proliferating and reprogramming to regenerate retinal neurons. In mammals, MG may also react to injury by proliferating, but they fail to initiate regeneration. The barriers to regeneration could be intrinsic to mammalian MG or the function of the niche that cannot support the MG reprogramming required for lineage conversion or both. Understanding these mechanisms in light of those being discovered in fish may lead to the formulation of strategies to unlock the neurogenic potential of MG and restore regeneration in the mammalian retina.
Homeostasis ; Mammals ; Neurogenesis ; Neuroglia* ; Regeneration ; Retina ; Retinal Neurons ; Vertebrates

Stress induces degeneration of brain structures and functions. Particularly, hippocampus is sensitive to stressful stimulations. In the present study, the change of synaptic related molecules in the mouse dentate gyrus was examined with immunohistochemistry after restraint stress. We subjected mice to restraint stress for 6 h per day for 4 days. As a result, the number of Ki-67, a marker for proliferation, and doublecortin (DCX), a marker for neurogenesis, immunoreactive cells was decreased in the stress group. On the other hand, the intensity of calbindinD-28k, a marker of pre-existing granule cells, immunoreactivity was increased in the granule cell layer after 4 days restraint stress. As well as, the immunoreactivity of synaptic related molecules, postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), growth association protein-43 (GAP-43) and beta-NADPH-d reactivity were increased in the inner molecular layer of dentate gyrus after 4 days restraint stress. In conclusion, this study shows that repeated restraint stress suppresses neurogenesis in dentate gyrus and strengthens synaptic plasticity of existing granule cells.
Animals ; Brain ; Dentate Gyrus* ; Hand ; Hippocampus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice* ; Neurogenesis ; Plastics*

The capacity for neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain is extremely limited and highly restricted to a few regions, which greatly hampers neuronal regeneration and functional restoration after neuronal loss caused by injury or disease. Meanwhile, transplantation of exogenous neuronal stem cells into the brain encounters several serious issues including immune rejection and the risk of tumorigenesis. Recent discoveries of direct reprogramming of endogenous glial cells into functional neurons have provided new opportunities for adult neuro-regeneration. Here, we extensively review the experimental findings of the direct conversion of glial cells to neurons in vitro and in vivo and discuss the remaining issues and challenges related to the glial subtypes and the specificity and efficiency of direct cell-reprograming, as well as the influence of the microenvironment. Although in situ glial cell reprogramming offers great potential for neuronal repair in the injured or diseased brain, it still needs a large amount of research to pave the way to therapeutic application.
Animals ; Cellular Reprogramming ; Nerve Regeneration ; Neurogenesis ; Neuroglia ; Neurons

To analyze the research hotspots and trends of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) for neurogenesis with use of CiteSpace 5.7.R3 software. The bibliometrics analysis on the literatures of TCM for neurogenesis from 1987 to 2020 included in the CNKI database was conducted to visualize the number of papers, authors, institutions and keywords. Totally 736 literatures were included and the volume of annual publications showed an upward in volatility. At present, several stable research teams have been formed, which were represented by DING Fei, ZHOU Chong-jian and ZHOU Yong-hong, but the cooperation was not close among the teams. According to the analysis of research institutions, Institute of Diagnostics of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture Research Center of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine produced largest number of literatures. The cooperation among institutions, with universities of TCM and affiliated hospitals as the main research force, was characterized by dominant cooperation among regional institutions and less cross-regional cooperation. Keywords analysis showed that in the field of TCM for neurogenesis, a lot of studies mainly focused on the disease field, treatment and medication, TCM therapy and molecular mechanism. The research on TCM therapy and molecular mechanism for neurogenesis of central nervous system will be the research hotspots in future.
Acupuncture Therapy ; Bibliometrics ; Databases, Factual ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Neurogenesis

Earthworm extract has shown anticancer characteristics. In the present study, we examined the effect of chronic treatment with a high dose of earthworm (Eisenia andrei) extract (EE) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of 3-week-old mice using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry for cell proliferation and doublecortin (DCX) immunohistochemistry for neuroblast differentiation, respectively. BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-immunoreactive cells were easily detected in the subgranular zone of the DG in vehicle (saline)-treated mice. However, BrdU-, Ki-67-, and DCX-immunoreactive cells in the 500 mg/kg EE-treated mice decreased distinctively compared to those in the vehicle-treated mice. In addition, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity and its protein level decreased markedly in the DG of the EE-treated group compared to those in the vehicle-treated group. These results indicate that chronic treatment with high dose EE decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, and that BDNF immunoreactivity decreased in the DG of EE-treated mice.
Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Cell Proliferation ; Dentate Gyrus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Neurogenesis ; Oligochaeta

PURPOSE: We investigated the neurogenic potentials of amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs) according to the expression levels of stem cell markers and ingredients in the neural induction media. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four samples of AFSCs with different levels of Oct-4 and c-kit expression were differentiated neurally, using three kinds of induction media containing retinoic acid (RA) and/or a mixture of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine/indomethacin/insulin (neuromix), and examined by immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for their expression of neurospecific markers. RESULTS: The cells in neuromix-containing media displayed small nuclei and long processes that were characteristic of neural cells. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the number of neural markers showing upregulation was greater in cells cultured in the neuromix-containing media than in those cultured in RA-only medium. Neurospecific gene expression was also higher in Oct-4 and c-kit double-positive cells than in c-kit-low or -negative cells. CONCLUSION: The stem cell marker c-kit (rather than Oct-4) and the ingredient neuromix (rather than RA) exert greater effects on neurogenesis of AFSCs.
Amniotic Fluid ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Neurogenesis ; Stem Cells* ; Tretinoin ; Up-Regulation