Microsurgery is a precise surgical skill that requires an extensive training period and the supervision of expert instructors. The classical training schemes in microsurgery have started with multiday experimental courses on the rat model. These courses have offered a low threat supervised high fidelity laboratory setting in which students can steadily and rapidly progress. This simulated environment allows students to make and recognise mistakes in microsurgery techniques and thus shifts any related risks of the early training period from the operating room to the lab. To achieve a high level of skill acquisition before beginning clinical practice, students are trained on a comprehensive set of exercises the rat model can uniquely provide, with progressive complexity as competency improves. This paper presents the utility of the classical rat model in three of the earliest microsurgery training centres and the new prospects that this versatile and expansive training model offers.
Animals ; Education* ; Exercise* ; Humans ; Microsurgery* ; Models, Animal* ; Models, Educational ; Operating Rooms ; Organization and Administration ; Rats

PURPOSE: This purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of educational design according to Goal-based Scenario constituent elements such as educational goals, mission, cover story, role, scenario operation, resources, and feedback in simulation training. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 130 nursing students in their senior year who enrolled in the simulation exercise Ⅰ course. They were divided into a total of 10 groups in which less than 20 students were assigned. In order to verify the effectiveness of the simulation training through Goal-based Scenario instructional design, a design of non-equality control group was carried out. RESULTS: The results of this study were as follows: Critical thinking (t=1.81, p=.073) and problem solving ability (t=1.79, p=.076), course satisfaction (t=8.61, p<.001) and academic performance (t=5.48, p=.001) were supported. CONCLUSION: This study applied a Goal-based Scenario simulation program to present clear objectives for simulating training and to advance learning methods that are appropriate to the current education environment. In addition, this study has significance in presenting an instructional model for various simulated practice education and can be used as useful basic data related to simulated training education.
Education ; Education, Nursing ; Humans ; Learning ; Models, Educational ; Nursing* ; Problem Solving ; Simulation Training ; Students, Nursing* ; Thinking

Advantages of problem-based leaning (PBL) in teaching of Zhenjiuxue (Science of acupuncture and moxibustion) is analyzed through the feature that the curriculum has more comprehensiveness and practicalness and characteristics of the teaching team. Defects of incomplete communication among thinking pattern, cognitive contents and organization structure are presented in this article as well. It is held that things can be taken as a common point or cognitive origin of the west and the east. Therefore, bridge model of origin is designed, which could fulfill more profound expression and cognition of knowledge in ordered and dynamic organization form based on advantages of PBL, surrounded with cognitive origin and depended on impetus produced by differences between domestic and international sciences, technologies and cultures of ancient and modern societies. Thus, the level of teaching can be constantly enhanced.
Acupuncture ; education ; China ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Models, Educational ; Moxibustion ; Science ; education

INTRODUCTIONExperiential learning is one of the key methods for effective teaching of medical students. The use of simulation is ideal to achieve this goal. Simulation training allows the learner to be actively involved, and provides realism, self-direction, feedback and practice. We present 2 pilot projects in which the efficacy of experiential learning with simulation is demonstrated.

MATERIALS AND METHODSIn the first project, groups of 4 to 6 fourth-year medical students were exposed to common crisis scenarios. Each student took turns to individually handle the situation (in the hot seat), while the rest of the group watched "live" via video-link. A group debrief was done after the completion of all scenarios and learning points were emphasized. A test was conducted shortly after, and the student who managed the same scenario in the hot seat earlier was compared to the rest of the group with respect to crisis recognition, management and diagnosis. In the second project, 36 fourth-year medical students were assigned to learn endotracheal intubation through a directed or experiential method. Students were recalled after 3 months and tested on 4 major categories: preparation, technique, success and ventilation.

RESULTSStudents in the hot seat tended to perform better (72% vs. 64%), and were more likely to be the highest scoring student within their group; although this did not reach statistical significance. For the intubation study, students in the experiential group had a higher success rate at 3 months (78% vs. 41%).

CONCLUSIONSExperiential teaching methods with simulation result in better learning of crisis management and endotracheal intubation.

Clinical Competence ; Education, Medical ; methods ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; methods ; Learning ; physiology ; Models, Educational ; Students, Medical

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the attitude of nurses toward transsexuals. METHOD: The Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. Twenty-nine nurses classified the 50 selected Q-statements into a normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using the Quanl PC program. RESULT: Four types of attitudes toward transsexuals were identified. The first type (humanitarian acceptance) showed an attitude of respecting transsexuals as human beings and understanding and accepting their desires and difficulties. The second type (superficial understanding) understood the psychological conflicts and suffering of transsexuals but could not accept them as members of families or society. The third type (insufficient understanding) did not feel a sense of rejection toward transsexuals but showed a lack of understanding of their desires and difficulties. The fourth type (rejection) failed to understand the desires and difficulties of transsexuals and showed a sense of rejection toward them, in addition to regarding them as sexually immoral people. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that different approaches of educational programs based on the four types of attitudes toward transsexuals are recommended.
Adult ; *Attitude of Health Personnel ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Models, Educational ; Nursing Staff/*psychology ; Q-Sort ; Questionnaires ; *Transsexualism

PURPOSE: A curriculum development model is presented to examine the processes necessary to develop new programs or evaluate existing programs within the philosophy of outcomes-based education in nursing, especially in the context of accreditation. The philosophy of outcomes-based education is to produce individuals who can demonstrate the evidence of competencies in designated areas of education. For nursing education, this means competencies in performing the role of professional nursing as defined by the profession and social needs at the beginning level upon completing a nursing program. METHODS: A curriculum development model has been developed analytically based on the literature and experiences. RESULTS: A 10-step process framework incorporating the tenets of outcomes-based nursing education is illustrated. CONCLUSION: This curriculum development framework can be applied in developing new educational programs in nursing or to evaluate and revise existing programs in anticipation of the accreditation process that is moving with a full force in such countries as Korea.
Accreditation/standards ; Competency-Based Education ; Curriculum/*standards ; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/*standards ; Humans ; Models, Educational ; Students/*psychology

Medical education using the high-fidelity simulator has developed rapidly in the last twenty years. Simulation-based medical education is now recognized as one of the powerful complementary teaching methods in the medical profession. It is driven by the combination of the following forces; patient safety movement, constructive learning theory, objective structured clinical examination, patient right movement, medicolegal atmosphere and simulation industry. During the last decade in Korea, the number of simulation centers and high-fidelity simulators has increased rapidly, but the development and implementation of the simulation program has not yet been achieved. In this review, I will discuss the history of the development of the high-fidelity simulator, current status and problems of medical simulation using the high-fidelity simulators in Korea.
Atmosphere ; Computer Simulation ; Education, Medical ; Korea ; Learning ; Models, Educational ; Patient Rights ; Patient Safety ; Teaching

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness and competence level of trainees of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training targeted for nursing students. 70 nursing students of Y nursing college are recruited as subjects from Dec. 1st, 1998 through Dec. 8th, 1998. For the pre-test, demographic data related to CPR and knowledge of CPR were evaluated. For the post-test, the next week of pre-test, three difference groups of subjects were tested their knowledge of CPR. CPR training was designed by two components which were 90 mins lecture and demonstration by one professor and individual practice using two educational models with two professors. As the tool of measurement estimating pre or post knowledge of CPR, questionnaires were developed based on self-diagnosis questionnaires of American Heart Association (AHA). The questionnaires were multiple choices (50 questions) and open end questions regarding CPR process. Each multiple choices questions valued 2 points (Score varied min. 0 point to max. 100 points.). Collected data were computerized and analyzed by SPSS-WIN. Frequency and percentage of each questions analyzed. The differences of the knowledge and competency level of subjects between pre and post test was analyses by paired t-test. The followings are research outcome. 1. In the pre-test, 95% of subjects answered that they already knew what CPR was, but only 82% described correctly what CPR was. 49% learned CPR before, and 80s5 of them learned at high school. 2. 37 questions scores increases, and 10 questions scores decreased. 3 questions didnt change their score. After getting training, ratio of 80% correct score significantly increased 4 times. 3. In post-test, knowledge level of trainees increased compared to that of pre-test. (t=-15.075, p=0.000) 4. Competence level also increased (t= -14.86, p=0.00). In result, after getting CPR training, most CPR knowledge increased except open the air tract, toddler CPR, and alternative behavior when the air tract is blocked. CPR training needs to extend the educational scope not only CPR lecture but also psychomotor skill practice. CPR trainees are in need of appropriate feedback as well as enough opportunities of skill practice.
American Heart Association ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation* ; Humans ; Mental Competency ; Models, Educational ; Nursing* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Students, Nursing*

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since it was formally recognized as a global epidemic in 1997. With the increasingly dwindling space for private schools in Ethiopia, unresolved concerns exist among the public regarding the possible effect of limited play areas in schools on overweight/obesity. This study intended to determine and compare the levels of overweight/obesity among adolescents in private schools with and without adequate play area in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.METHODS: A school-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,276 adolescents. Twenty private schools were grouped into 2 groups based on the size of the play area. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and anthropometric measurements and analyzed using descriptive statistical tests and logistic regression.RESULTS: The magnitude of overweight/obesity was significantly higher in schools with inadequate play area (19.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.4 to 22.7) than in schools with adequate play area (14.6%; 95% CI, 11.9 to17.5). Inadequacy of the play area was also positively associated with overweight/obesity in the multiple logistic regression analysis (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.51). Using private car transportation to and from school (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.13 to 4.57), father’s educational status (secondary school and above: OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.62), and middle wealth quintile (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.50 to 4.33) were other factors significantly associated with overweight/obesity.CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate play area in schools was an important contributor to overweight/obesity. Sedentary behavior was also significantly associated with overweight/obesity.
Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Educational Status ; Ethiopia ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Pediatric Obesity ; Prevalence ; Transportation

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since it was formally recognized as a global epidemic in 1997. With the increasingly dwindling space for private schools in Ethiopia, unresolved concerns exist among the public regarding the possible effect of limited play areas in schools on overweight/obesity. This study intended to determine and compare the levels of overweight/obesity among adolescents in private schools with and without adequate play area in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A school-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,276 adolescents. Twenty private schools were grouped into 2 groups based on the size of the play area. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and anthropometric measurements and analyzed using descriptive statistical tests and logistic regression. RESULTS: The magnitude of overweight/obesity was significantly higher in schools with inadequate play area (19.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.4 to 22.7) than in schools with adequate play area (14.6%; 95% CI, 11.9 to17.5). Inadequacy of the play area was also positively associated with overweight/obesity in the multiple logistic regression analysis (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.05 to 2.51). Using private car transportation to and from school (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.13 to 4.57), father’s educational status (secondary school and above: OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.62), and middle wealth quintile (OR, 2.54; 95% CI, 1.50 to 4.33) were other factors significantly associated with overweight/obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate play area in schools was an important contributor to overweight/obesity. Sedentary behavior was also significantly associated with overweight/obesity.
Adolescent ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Educational Status ; Ethiopia* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Obesity ; Overweight* ; Pediatric Obesity ; Prevalence ; Transportation