In order to prevent the use of antibiotics from the errors, it should test the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics for some causative strains of microbe. From which to determine the MIC 90 of antibiotics for antibiotic resistance or sensitivity strains. A study evaluated the sensitivity and resistance of 23 strains of S. Pneumoniae, 34 strains of staphylococcus, 15 strains of H. influenzae, and 24 strains of M. catarrhalis for penicilline and chloramphenicol which are two antibiotics had a high rate of resistance by microbials causing the respiratory tract infections. The MIC90 of these 2 antibiotics for the above strains was higher 2-8 times than MIC.
Drug Resistance ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Introduction: One in every three preventable under-five deaths occur in the neonatal period and one of the leading causes of neonatal death in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) is sepsis. Organisms isolated varies between and within geographical locations, its trend changes with time. Each setting hence needs to have its antibiogram for susceptible isolates to optimize treatment outcome, the background on which this study was conducted. Methodology: A retrospective study was done on neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Bowen University Teaching Hospital, a missionary hospital in South West Nigeria, between January 2016 and December 2017. The medical records of these neonates were retrieved from the comprehensive electronic database for all neonates admitted into the unit. Result: Of the 129 newborns eligible for the study, early-onset sepsis (56.6%) predominated. There were 79 (61%) males giving a M:F ratio of 1.6:1. The incidence rate of neonatal sepsis was 15 per 1,000 live births with a mortality rate of 24%. Gram-Negative Bacilli were mostly isolated in positive cultures. The likelihood of getting a positive culture was unrelated to the age and sex of patients at presentation. There was a varying resistance pattern of the isolates to commonly used empiric antibiotics. Conclusion and Recommendation Gram-Negative Bacilli was the commonest cause of neonatal sepsis in our center, associated with poor outcome. The high incidence of resistance to the commonly used empirical treatment calls for an urgent review of practice if the trend of high morbidity and mortality would be curtailed, as well as improved infection control practices.
Neonatal Sepsis ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Mycobacterium abscessus is the second most common etiology of pulmonary disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in Korea. Although antimicrobial susceptibility tests are important for appropriate patient management in M. abscessus lung disease, the tests have never been investigated in Korea. Seventy-four isolates of M. abscessus recovered from patient respiratory samples were tested against eight antimicrobial agents following the guidelines set forth by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Of the parenteral antibiotics, amikacin (99%, 73/74) and cefoxitin (99%, 73/74) were active against most isolates. Imipenem (55%, 36/66) and tobramycin (36%, 27/74) had activity against moderate number of isolates. Of the oral antibiotics, clarithromycin (91%, 67/74) was active against the majority of isolates. Moxifloxacin (73%, 54/74) and ciprofloxacin (57%, 42/74) had activity against a moderate number of isolates. Doxycycline was the least active, inhibiting only 7% (5/74) of isolates. In conclusion, the variations in susceptibility within M. abscessus isolates to currently available antimicrobials suggest that the antimicrobial susceptibilities of any clinically significant M. abscessus isolate be needed individually.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Background. Despite being a clean-contaminated procedure, performed only in patients with sterile urine preoperatively, percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) is associated with significant infectious perioperative complications. A local antibiogram is of paramount importance in optimizing antibiotic prophylaxis in PCNL because of the substantial variation in bacterial distribution and antibiotic sensitivity worldwide.

Objectives. The incidence of post-PCNL infectious complications, microorganism distribution, and antibiotic sensitivities from patients admitted for PCNL was determined. The risk factors associated with positive cultures and the development of fever and bacteremia were also analyzed.

Methods. A retrospective study of 102 patients who underwent PCNL under a surveillance protocol was done. The susceptibility of isolates from different specimens was evaluated against the most common antibiotics in the hospital. Chi-square and Student's t-test were used to determine differences in the frequencies and means for other risk factors for those who developed fever and urosepsis and those who did not.

Results. The incidence of fever and urosepsis was 25% and 4%, respectively. The most common organism on urine specimens was Escherichia coli which showed high sensitivity to aminoglycosides. The most common isolate on stones was Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which showed higher sensitivities to the fluoroquinolones. The isolates showed nearly consistent resistance to ceftriaxone. No significant association was found between the clinical variables studied and the occurrence of infectious complications.

Conclusion. There are comparable rates of infectious complications to published literature. A change in antibiotic prophylaxis was warranted, given the high resistance to ceftriaxone and the predominance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on stone isolates. Further surveillance is required to identify significant risk factors for the development of post-PCNL infectious complications.

Background and Objective: Manila Bay plays an important role both in economics and ecology because it serves as the major economic center of the Philippines and as it harbors different habitats and biodiversity. Unfortunately, it is threatened by various pollutions including the unregulated discharge of wastewater from industrial, agricultural, and household sectors and improper disposal of trash such as macroplastics among others. All these contributes to the current state of Manila Bay. This study identified bacteria isolated from water, seafood and floating macroplastic samples from Baseco Beach, Manila Bay and determined their antibiogram profiles. Methodology: Bacterial isolates were obtained from water, seafoods and macroplastic samples from Baseco Beach, Manila Bay using conventional culture techniques. Identification of the isolates was done using Vitek-2 Automated System and antibiogram profiling was done using Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test. Results and Conclusions A total of 30 bacterial isolates were obtained from different samples from water, seafood and macroplastic samples from Baseco Beach, Manila Bay. These isolates were identified and found to belong to 13 different bacterial species with Bacillus spp. comprising 33.33% of the isolates (10 out of 30), and Vibrio alginolyticus comprising 23.33% of the isolates (7 out of 30) and the other species comprise the remaining 43.34% (Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio fluvialis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shewanella alga, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Chryseobacterium indologenes, Myroides sp. and Aeromonas salmonicida). Of these, six out of 30 isolates (20%) showed susceptibility to all six representative antibiotics used (Cefazolin 30μg, Gentamicin 10 μg, Chloramphenicol 30 μg, ampicillin 10 μg, Cefuroxime 30 μg, Ceftazidime 30 μg) while 7 isolates (23.33%) were resistant to only one class of antibiotic. Moreover, 17 out of 30 isolates (56.66%) were resistant to two or more classes of antibiotic while only one isolate (3.33%) was found to be resistant to gentamicin. All 30 isolates (100%) were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Interestingly, three antibiotic resistant (AMR) bacteria were isolated from macroplastics namely Pseudomonas oleovorans (S2), Vibrio alginolyticus (S5), and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (S29) which were all resistant to ampicillin and cefazolin. This is the first study in the Philippines to isolate AMR bacteria from macroplastics from Manila Bay. The presence of AMR bacteria in macroplastics shows that these materials can be a reservoir for its dynamics and distribution. Lastly, with the emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria, the elucidation of the antibiogram profile of bacteria is necessary to determine its implication sand threats to public health. This study served as a baseline study of presence of AMR bacteria in macroplastic samples from Manila Bay.
ays ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests

BACKGROUND: A spectrophotometric approach to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for filamentous fungi may provide an objective and rapid MIC reading, and quantify the hyphal growth of molds. In this study, we evaluated two spectrophotometric broth microdilution methods (SBM) to determine amphotericin B and itraconazole MICs for Aspergillus species isolated from clinical specimens. METHODS: A total of 80 clinical isolates (20 A. fumigatus, 20 A. flavus, 18 A. niger, 20 A. terreus, and 2 A. nidulans) were tested for amphotericin B and itraconazole susceptibility by the broth microdilution method. The MIC endpoint was calculated by the spectrophotometer with microplate reader (SBM-Spec method) or colorimetric XTT (tetrazolium dye) method (SBM-XTT method). The results of the SBM method were compared with those of NCCLS M38-A broth microdilution method. RESULTS: The MICs of amphotericin B by the NCCLS M38-A method ranged from 0.125 to 8 g/mL, and those of itraconazole ranged from 0.25 to 2micrograms/mL. The agreement of SBM-Spec and SBM-XTT methods within one dilution of the NCCLS M38 reference were 98.8% and 96.3% for the ampho-tericin B, and 98.8% and 100% for itraconazole, respectively. The agreements between SBM-Spec and SBM-XTT methods were 97.5% for amphotericin B and 98.8% for itraconazole. CONCLUSIONS: In antifungal susceptibility testing of Aspergillus species, the SBM method includ-ing SBM-Spec and SBM-XTT methods showed high levels of agreements with the NCCLS M38-A method. The SBM methods can be useful in the clinical laboratory.
Amphotericin B ; Aspergillus* ; Fungi ; Itraconazole ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Niger

BACKGROUND: Malassezia is considered as major factor in dandruff of human scalp. OBJECTIVE: In order to develop an antimicrobial agent, bamboo oil was extracted by high temperture suction from dried bamboo truk abd then antimicrobial activities against Malassezia are investigated. METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial activity were measured in Malassezia species. RESULTS: 1. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the Bamboo (Phyllosrachys bambusoides) Essential Oil Malassezia furfur standard, Malassezia furfur patient, Malassezia sympodialis standard, Malassezia sympodialis patient, Malassezia dermatis standard, Malassezia dermatis patient were 10 microliter/ml, 5 microliter/ml, 5 microliter/ml, 10 microliter/ml, 5 microliter/ml and 10 microliter/ml respectively. 2. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the Itraconazole Malassezia furfur standard, Malassezia furfur patient, Malassezia sympodialis standard, Malassezia sympodialis patient, Malassezia dermatis standardntia, Malassezia dermatis patient were 10 microgram/ml, 10 microgram/ml, 10 microgram/ml, 0.1 microgram/ml, 1 microgram/ml, and 0.01 microgram/ml, respectively. 3. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the ketoconazole Malassezia furfur standard, Malassezia furfur patient, Malassezia sympodialis standard, Malassezia sympodialis patient, Malassezia dermatis standard, Malassezia dermatis patient were 0.01 microgram/ml, 10 microgram/ml, 10 microgram/ml, 0.1 microgram/ml, 0.01 microgram/ml, and 0.01 microgram/ml, respectively. 4. Malassezia furfur standard, Malassezia furfur patient, Malassezia sympodialis patient and Malassezia dermatis patient showed the strongest antimicrobial effect on bamboo oil > ketoconazole > itraconazole. 5. Malassezia sympodialis standard, Malassezia sympodialis patient and Malassezia dermatis standard strongest antimicrobial effect on ketoconazole > bamboo oil > itraconazole. CONCLUSION: Bamboo oil might be applied as antidandruff treatment modality by its anti-malassezial effect.
Humans ; Itraconazole ; Ketoconazole ; Malassezia ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Scalp ; Suction

BACKGROUND: With a growing number of people using a variety of medications, and suffering from systemic diseases, such as AIDS, Candida infection is also on the rise. This brings the issue of antifungal resistance into the spotlight. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate the detection of oral Candida and the change of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in patients on oral fluconazole for treatment of onychomycosis. METHODS: We studied 25 patients who are on fluconazole for treatment of onychomycosis. We evaluated the MIC and detection of oral Candida at the time of the first visit, at the point of initial dosing, and subsequently, 12 and 24 weeks thereafter, and 12 weeks after the point of final dosing. RESULTS: At the first visit, we collected strains from the oral cavity. At 12 and 24 weeks thereafter, and 12 weeks after final dosing, C. albicans were detected in all cases. MIC measured at the corresponding time points revealed sensitivity in all cases with MIC under 8.0 microg/ml. After 12 and 24 weeks of administration, we identified the same strains at the oral cavity, and MIC of the two regions was elevated. At 12 weeks after the point of final dosing, MIC was decreased or remained the same at the three sites, and the result was the same at 12 and 24 weeks thereafter. CONCLUSION: The purpose of this study was to ascertain that the acquisition of resistance to fluconazole by oral Canadida is not as serious as we had anticipated; however, further studies based on larger patient pools would provide greater assurance.
Candida ; Fluconazole ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Mouth ; Onychomycosis ; Stress, Psychological

BACKGROUND: Voriconazole is a potent new triazole antifungal agent expected to be particularly useful for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis. However, in vitro susceptibility of voriconazole for clinical strains of Aspergillus species isolated in Korea has not been fully surveyed. OBJECTIVE: We determined minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of voriconazole for clinical Aspergillus isolates. METHODS: A total of 100 clinical isolates of Aspergillus species (40 A. fumigatus, 24 A. flavus, 17 A. niger, 17 A. terreus and 2 A. nidulans) was tested. In vitro voriconazole susceptibility testing was accomplished utilizing the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) broth microdilution method M38-A. MIC of voriconazole was determined using RPMI medium at 48 h of incubation. RESULTS: Among the 100 isolates of Aspergillus species tested, 98% were inhibited by < or = 1 microgram/mL of voriconazole. The MICs of voriconazole ranged from 0.125 to 2 microgram/mL (geometric mean MIC, 0.52 microgram/mL). The MIC50 (MIC at which 50% of the isolates tested were inhibited) and MIC90 were 0.5 and 1.0 microgram/mL for all Aspergillus species, respectively. The strains showing MIC> or =2 microgram/mL were 0/40 (0%) in A. fumigatus, 1/24 (4%) in A. flavus, 1/17 (6%) in A. niger, 0/17 (0%) in A. terreus, and 0/2 (0%) in A. nidulans. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate promising in-vitro activity of voriconazole against clinical strains of Aspergillus species isolated from Korean patients.
Aspergillosis ; Aspergillus* ; Humans ; Korea ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Niger

PURPOSE: To compare the antibiotic release kinetics of the implant coated with antibiotic-impregnated polymers MATERIALS AND METHODS: Authors used polylactic acid (PLA) and polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as the biodegradable carriers, gentamicin sulfate as the antibiotic and Steinmann pin as the implant. Ten Steinmann pins were coated with gentamicin of each 10, 20 and 30% mixture of PLA or PLGA for the elution kinetics study. In the elution study, total 60 coated implants were incubated in 10 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37 delta C and sampled at 6 hrs, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, and 25 days. Assays were performed with fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Statistical analysis was done with SAS release 2.01. RESULTS: Released concentration of GM decreased with time. Minimum inhibitory concentration was maintained until 6th day on PLA 10% subgroup, 9th day in the 20 and 30% subgroups, until 6th day on PLGA 20% subgroup, and 3rd day in the 10 and 30% subgroups. Released concentrations were significantly higher in all PLA subgroups than in PLGA as a parameter of sampled time (all p<0.05). There was no statistical difference between PLA 20 and 30% subgroup after 12th sampled day (p=0.2636). CONCLUSION: PLA-GM group showed higher effective concentration for longer time than PLGA-GM group. 20 and 30% subgroups of PLA-GM showed prolonged maintenance of minimum inhibitory concentration compared with 10% subgroup, but there was no difference between the two groups.
Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay ; Gentamicins ; Kinetics* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Polymers*