STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: A few dry lubricants were applied to abutment screws for the improvement of joint stability. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface change and fit of TiNCoated abutment screw through the examination of tested screws in the field emission scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM;Netherland, Phillips co., model:XL 30 SFEG) after repeated closing and opening. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Titanium(3i/implant Innovations Inc, USA) and Gold-Tite abutment screws(3i/implant Innovations Inc, USA) were selected for Group A and C respectively. TiN coated titanium abutment screws were also divided into two groups, Group B and D. Abutment screws of each group and the fit of abutment screw/implant fixture/abutment were observed on FE-SEM after repeated closing and opening test respectively. RESULTS: 1. The abutment screws of TiN coated groups(Group B and D) showed more remarkable wear resistance in the threads of the screw than those of the other group(Group A and C). 2. There were more severe wear and defect of TiN coating in Group D tightened to 32 Ncm than Group B to 20 Ncm. 3. There was no difference in the fit of abutment screw/fixture/abutment among four groups, Group A, Group B, Group C and Group D. CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this study, it is suggested that TiN coating of abutment screw be clinically acceptable and be expected to reduce the risk of abutment screw loosening. TiN coating of abutment screw showed good resistance against wear and the adequate fit of abutment screw/implant fixture/abutment.
Joints ; Lubricants ; Tin ; Titanium

PURPOSE: A stylet aids intubation as a glottis by changing and maintaining the bending inside the endotracheal tube and is used as an auxiliary device in intubation. The aim of this experimental study is to evaluate resistance differences among endotracheal tube sizes and the usefulness of lubricant for stylet removal. METHODS: Depending on endotracheal tube size and lubricant use status, the subjects were divided into the control (n=10, each 7 tube sizes), lidocaine gel (n=70), and saline groups (n=70). Using a tensile strength meter, the work and the peak withdrawal force consumed for retracting a stylet were measured. RESULTS: When the work dependent on the endotracheal tube size and stylet coating was compared, significantly less work was consumed for 6.0-, 6.5-, 7.0-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm stylet group coated with lidocaine gel (p=0.029, p=0.002, p=0.001, p=0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001) or 6.0-, 6.5-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm stylets coated with saline compared to the control group (p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001). In comparison of the peak withdrawal force dependent on the endotracheal tube size and stylet coating, significantly less peak withdrawal force was consumed for the 6.0- or 8.0- mm stylet group coated with lidocaine gel (p=0.004, p<0.001) or 6.0-, 6.5-, 7.5-, or 8.0 mm stylets coated with saline compared to the control group (p=0.025, p=0.001, p=0.008, and p=0.001). CONCLUSION: We found that the effectiveness of lubricant resulted in various sized tubes. Less work was consumed for five tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 7.0-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm) in lidocaine gel groups and four tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 8.0-, 8.5 mm) in saline groups. Less peak withdrawal force was consumed for two tube sizes (6.0-, 8.0 mm) in lidocaine gel groups and four tube sizes (6.0-, 6.5-, 7.5-, 8.0 mm) in saline groups.
Device Removal ; Friction ; Glottis ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Lidocaine ; Lubricants ; Tensile Strength

Patient with facial paralysis may develop opthalmic complications. Poor eyelid closure, ectopion and lagophthalmos place the patinet at increased risk for development of corneal problems such as epitheilail defects, stromal thinning, bacterial infection, and even perforation. Inilital treatment should be conservative and include the use of ocular lubricants and taping of the lower eyelid into the proper position. Surgical intervention may be required in patients who have failed medical therapy or in whom the facial paralysis is not expected to improve. Gold weight implantation in upper eyelid and lower lid tightening in lower eyelid has become a popular procedure to correct upper eyelid retraction and lower eyelid laxity and to improve corneal coverage. We describe technique for placement of a gold weight in the upper lid, with attention of the maintenance of symmetric eyelid crease and susture canthopexy to correct malpositioned lower eyelid.
Bacterial Infections ; Ectropion ; Eyelids ; Facial Nerve* ; Facial Paralysis ; Humans ; Lubricants ; Paralysis*

OBJECTIVETo prepare an effective and water-soluble lubricant.

METHODCo-sprayed lubricant (L-leucine and polyethylene glycol 6000 co-sprayed according to a certain proportion) and mixed lubricant (the physical mixture of spayed L-leucine and crushed polyethylene glycol 6000) were prepared and polyethylene glycol 6000, L-leucine, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate and sodium chloride are crushed and sieved, respectively. Residual force, appearance of solution and disintegration time were considered as response variables of the lubrication effect to evaluate different lubricants. The changes of the co-sprayed lubricant were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, fourier infrared, electronic scanning microscope and X-ray diffraction.

RESULTThe efficacy of co-sprayed lubricant is better than other lubricants. Efficacy is improved by external form change without inner components and crystal changes.

CONCLUSIONCo-sprayed lubricant is a good water soluble tablet lubricant which has good efficacy.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Leucine ; chemistry ; Lubricants ; chemistry ; Polyethylene Glycols ; chemistry ; Solubility ; Tablets ; Water ; X-Ray Diffraction

Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant that has eliminating effects on gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, some mycobacteria, candida albicans, and some viruses. There have been a few reports regarding severe adverse reactions associated with chlorhexidine. But, there was no report about the anaphylactic shock due to chlorhexidine during anesthesia in Korea. We report a severe anaphylaxis reaction after the use of chlorhexidine jelly for the urethral catheterization, presenting the positive skin test for chlorhexidine. This case shows that the 'innocent' products such as urethral lubricants may elicit serious life-threatening reactions.
Anaphylaxis* ; Anesthesia* ; Candida albicans ; Chlorhexidine* ; Gram-Negative Bacteria ; Gram-Positive Bacteria ; Korea ; Lubricants ; Skin Tests ; Urinary Catheterization* ; Urinary Catheters*

BACKGROUND: Sore throat has been reported to occur in 24-90% of intubated patients after general anesthesia. This study was done to evaluate the influence of succinycholine and tracheal tube lubrication on postoperative sore throat. METHODS: Three hundred and two patients requiring orotracheal intubation for surgery were randomly allocated to one of three groups according to kinds of lubricants on endotracheal tube: control group, 2% lidocaine jelly group, K-Y jelly group. All patients were premedicated similarly and anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium. Patients were paralyzed with succinylcholine or non-depolarizing muscle relaxants and endotracheal intubation was done by one anesthesiologist. All patients were interviewed postoperatively after 24 hour by individals who did not know which lubricants and muscle relaxants were used. RESULTS: The incidence of postoperative sore throat was no statistically significant difference in three groups when non-depolarizing agents were used for endotracheal intubation. And the incidence of postoperative sore throat was increased in control group with succinylcholine compared with control group with non-depolarizing muscle relaxants(p<0.05). But the incidence of postoperative sore throat was decreased in K-Y jelly group and 2% lidocaine jelly group compared to control group when succinylcholine were used for endotracheal intubation(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that succinylchoine can induce the sore throat, but lubrication of tracheal tubes provide advantage in terms of reducing sore throat when succinylcholine was used for intubation.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Lidocaine ; Lubricants ; Lubrication* ; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents ; Pharyngitis* ; Succinylcholine* ; Thiopental

OBJECTIVES: Tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are high production volume chemicals, mainly used as foodstuff additives, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, synthetic resin, and disinfectants. Phosphate has the potential to cause increased algal growth leading to eutrophication in the aquatic environment. However, there is no adequate information available on risk assessment or acute and chronic toxicity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the toxic potential of phosphate compounds in the aquatic environment. METHODS: An aquatic toxicity test of phosphate was conducted, and its physico-chemical properties were obtained from a database recommended in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidance manual. An ecotoxicity test using fish, Daphnia, and algae was conducted by the good laboratory practice facility according to the OECD TG guidelines for testing of chemicals, to secure reliable data. RESULTS: The results of the ecotoxicity tests of tricalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogenorthophosphate are as follows: In an acute toxicity test with Oryzias latipes, 96 hr 50% lethal concentration (LC50) was >100 (measured:>2.14) mg/L and >100 (measured: >13.5) mg/L, respectively. In the Daphnia test, 48 hr 50% effective concentration (EC50) was >100 (measured: >5.35) mg/L and >100 (measured: >2.9) mg/L, respectively. In a growth inhibition test with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, 72 hr EC50 was >100 (measured: >1.56) mg/L and >100 (measured: >4.4) mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the ecotoxicity test of phosphate using fish, Daphnia, and algae, L(E)C50 was above 100 mg/L (nominal), indicating no toxicity. In general, the total phosphorus concentration including phosphate in rivers and lakes reaches levels of several ppm, suggesting that phosphate has no toxic effects. However, excessive inflow of phosphate into aquatic ecosystems has the potential to cause eutrophication due to algal growth.
Calcium ; Daphnia ; Disinfectants ; Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Lakes ; Lubricants ; Oryzias ; Phosphorus ; Resins, Synthetic ; Risk Assessment ; Rivers ; Toxicity Tests ; Toxicity Tests, Acute

PURPOSE: Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin(BCG) is an established and effective therapy for the superficial bladder carcinoma. The viability of BCG is crucial for the induction of a local immune response as well as effective therapy of recurrent superfical bladder carcinoma. Lubricants are used to facilitate catheterization during intravesical instillation of BCG. Moreover bacteriostatic components contained in them have potential to reduce the viability of the BCG. To verify this assumption, inhibitory effect of four commercially available lubricants on the BCG growth was analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Four different lubricants and their components were co-incubated with Connaught strain BCG and the resultant growth of BCG was assessed. RESULTS: Significant impairment of BCG viability with lubricants was noted. Chlorhexidine digluconate which is the component of lubricant was considered as responsible for this inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: During intravesical BCG, lubricants might reduce the number of viable BCG in clinical use. For this reason, during intravesical immunotherapy with BCG small amounts of lubricants should be used for urethral catheterization and use of lubricant which does not contain bacteriostatic agent should be considered.
Administration, Intravesical ; Bacillus* ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Chlorhexidine ; Immunotherapy ; Lubricants ; Mycobacterium bovis ; Thiram ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Catheters

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to estimate the effects of Inclear, a feminine cleanser, on sperm motility. METHODS: Semen samples were obtained from infertile male patients. Following liquefaction, the raw semen samples were diluted with Ham's F-10 nutrient mixture medium containing 0.4% human serum albumin solution at a ratio of 1:3. The semen samples were subsequently centrifuged to separate the seminal plasma from the serum. The supernatant was discarded, and the pellet was resuspended. The sample was again centrifuged to remove cell debris, and the supernatant was removed. The final pellet was gently loosened by resuspension and incubated in medium alone as a control, and in a 10% solution of the medium plus Inclear. A sampling time of 30 minutes was selected on the basis of sperm transport studies. Sperm motility was evaluated with computer-assisted sperm analysis. RESULTS: A total of 20 samples were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 34.40+/-2.96 years. There was no difference in sperm concentration and motility in the two samples at 0 minute and 30 minutes of incubation. In both semen samples, the sperm concentration and motility decreased after an incubation period of 30 minutes. However, there was no statistical difference between the samples. Sperm concentration and motility were not significantly different between the control and Inclear samples after 0 minute and 30 minutes of incubation. CONCLUSION: Inclear has no negative effects on sperm motility. This product can be recommended to pregnancy planners for vaginal hygiene and as a vaginal lubricant.
Feminine Hygiene Products ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Lubricants ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Prospective Studies* ; Semen ; Serum Albumin ; Sperm Motility* ; Sperm Transport ; Spermatozoa

PURPOSE: Urethral catheterization is a commonly done, painful procedure, but few studies have evaluated the use of topical anesthesia prior to catheterization. This study was designed to assess the effect of topical anesthetics (2% lidocaine gel) prior to uretheral catheterization. METHODS: This study was a prospective, randomized, case-controlled trial conducted in an emergency department of a university teaching hospital. The 54 subjects were alert, cooperative male adults. Patients in the experimental group were catheterized after injection of topical lidocaine gel in their urethras, and a wait of 3 minutes. Patients in the control group were catheterized with a urethral catheter that was coated by plain lubricant. After each procedure, the patients indicated their subjective assessment of pain on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). We assessed VAS at 4 times: during the procedure, at the end of the procedure, and at 3 and 6 hours after the procedure. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The 54 patients were evenly distributed between the 2 study groups. Mean age was 50 years (range 28-71) in the control group, and 54 years (range 27-70) in the experimental group. The mean reduction in VAS values in the experimental group was 27 mm during the procedure, and 23 mm at 6 hours after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Use of a topical lidocaine gel during urethral catheterization results in significant reduction in pain compared to topical lubricants. This benefit is provided both during the procedure as well as up to 6 hours after the procedure.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Local ; Anesthetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Emergencies ; Hospitals, Teaching ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Lubricants ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Urethra ; Urinary Catheterization ; Urinary Catheters