Telemedicine is a term of the remote health care, developed in the developed countries to apply the information technology in delivering the health services to remote areas promptly and effectively. There were 2 major trends of development of telemedicine. The firstly, organization of network and transmission way in which the health and medical database such as texts, sound, image…were processed and searched through the local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), Intranet and Internet. The secondly, development of software for database management such as hospital information system (HIS), system of back up, process and exploitation of database for remote diagnosis and treatment (telediagnose) picture archiving and communication system (PACS), Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM). The telemedicine has been developing in the some countries of Asia such as Japan. The China considered particularly in the telemedicine with trend of using the health services by low technology.
Telemedicine ; Life Change Events

Stress and trauma research has traditionally focused on negative sequelae of adversity. Recently, research has begun to focus on positive outcomes, specifically post-traumatic growth (PTG) - "positive change experienced as a result of the struggle with trauma" - which emphasizes the transformative potential of one's experiences with highly stressful events and circumstances. This article describes the concept of PTG at three different perspectives. In addition we reviewed the neurobiological factors and mechanism of PTG. It has shown that PTG is mediated by adaptive changes in several neural circuits involving numerous neurotransmitter and molecular pathways. Much more study is required to achieve a deeper understanding the biological and psychological underpinnings of PTG, as well as the interactions between these factors. After all, the clinical phenomenology of PTG is very important for mental growth after trauma. The findings of this article provide further directions for research and clinical implication of PTG.
Fertilization* ; Life Change Events ; Neurobiology* ; Neurotransmitter Agents

Cross-sectional study conducted among 1026 schoolchildren selected from all 9 junior high schools in district 1, Hochiminh City. Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) rate was 4,2%. Female schoolchildren were more likely to develop RAP than male. Stressful factors associated with RAP were frequently scolded by parents (49,9%), 29,6% frequent sibling quarreling, 29,5% move to new school in the year, 3,7% birth of a sibling in the year. 12,6% schoolchildren were serious diseases. 31,3% schoolchildren were hospitalized
Life Change Events ; Abdominal Pain ; child ; Schools

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the meaning of cancer survivors' life experience after being discharged from the primary cancer treatment. METHODS: Data were collected through a tape-recorded in-depth interview from six participants living in Gyeonggi province from September 2007 to January 2008. The analysis of the data was made through the phenomenological analytic method suggested by Colaizzi. RESULTS: Thirteen themes regarding the survivors' life experience were found. From these thirteen themes, six major theme were emerged. The six major theme included 'keeping his/her mind comfortable', 'going ahead with new hope', 'accepting for his/her existing burden', 'maintaining a good health for a new life', 'improving the strength and relationship among the family member', and 'being faithful to his/her religion'. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study would help oncology nurses to understand the cancer survivors' life and to develop a quality of life improvement program for physical, psychosocial, and spiritual aspects of nursing.
Humans ; Life Change Events ; Qualitative Research ; Quality of Life ; Survivors

Stress and trauma research has traditionally focused on the negative sequela of adversity. Recently, research has begun to focus on positive outcomes, specifically posttraumatic growth (PTG)-"positive change experienced as a result of the struggle with trauma"-which emphasizes the transformative potential of one's experiences with highly stressful events and circumstances. For evaluation of PTG, resilience is very important. Resilience refers to a person's ability to successfully adapt to acute stress, trauma or more chronic forms of adversity, maintaining psychological well-being. This article introduces several measurement scales for assessment of PTG and resilience. In addition, we suggest psychological techniques for facilitating PTG focusing on the relationship with adaptation after trauma. Finally, we discuss the applicability of a therapeutic approach for PTG in clinical practice. The systemic review of this article will provide further directions for PTG and resilience.
Life Change Events ; Psychological Techniques ; Psychology ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: A Phenomenological study was conducted to investigate the experiences of infertile women who had an unsuccessful in vitro fertilization (IVF) attempt and the structure of these experiences was identified in a socio-cultural context. METHOD: In-depth interviews were done with five participants from Nov. 1997 to Feb. 1998. Data was recorded and analyzed by Colazzi's method. RESULT: Significant statements were extracted from the data resulting in 4 themes and 11 concepts. The concepts were: 'lack of information', 'unable to anticipate the outcome', 'reaffirmation of need', 'financial strain', 'emotional suppression', 'change of social relationships', 'physical fatigue', 'blaming oneself or God', 'trying different ways', 'famous place shopping', and 'praying to God'. The significant themes of the participants' experiences with IVF emerged as: "uncertainty", "burden", "blaming" and "vigorous desire". CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the care of infertile women with an unsuccessful IVF attempt should be based on a deep understanding of their personal experiences. Also, information on alternative choices should be offered and supported.
Female ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Humans ; Infertility ; Life Change Events

When taking into account for social, economic, health disparities over the life courses among older adults, we should observe how such disparities arise and how they are maintained over the generations. The first part of this paper addressed the framework and approaches for understanding lifetime influences on late life disadvantages of health. The second part presented specific examples of late life disparities and their potential sources including chronic diseases, cognitive functions and disabilities. Context was considered to be broad and included early life experiences, descendants of generations and family influences. The third part addressed the roles of specific contextual influences. The final section of this review summarized the limitation of life course approaches and implementations for intervention. For geriatric medicine, it should be expanded into the focus of medical interventions and research of earlier age, with a wider range from individual to community and society, together with various other factors.
Adult ; Chronic Disease ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Life Change Events

BACKGROUND: Shift work has been associated with occupational stress in health providers and in those working in some industrial companies. The association is not well established in the law enforcement workforce. Our objective was to examine the association between shift work and police work-related stress. METHODS: The number of stressful events that occurred in the previous month and year was obtained using the Spielberger Police Stress Survey among 365 police officers aged 27-66 years. Work hours were derived from daily payroll records. A dominant shift (day, afternoon, or night) was defined for each participant as the shift with the largest percentage of total time a participant worked (starting time from 4:00 AM to 11:59 AM, from 12 PM to 7:59 PM, and from 8:00 PM to 3:59 AM for day, afternoon, and night shift, respectively) in the previous month or year. Analysis of variance and covariance were used to examine the number of total and subscale (administrative/professional pressure, physical/psychological danger, or organizational support) stressful events across the shift. RESULTS: During the previous month and year, officers working the afternoon and night shifts reported more stressful events than day shift officers for total stress, administrative/professional pressure, and physical/psychological danger (p < 0.05). These differences were independent of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and police rank. The frequency of these stressful events did not differ significantly between officers working the afternoon and night shifts. CONCLUSION: Non-day shift workers may be exposed to more stressful events in this cohort. Interventions to reduce or manage police stress that are tailored by shift may be considered.
Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Law Enforcement ; Life Change Events ; Police*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of death experienced by medical and nursing students through end-of-life care practice. METHODS: Data were collected by in-depth interviews with twelve (six nursing and six medical) students. Conventional qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: This findings were analyzed in three areas: 'feeling from the word of death', 'color association of death', and 'relation between life and death'. Results were three major themes and sixteen categories from the analysis. Three major themes include 'reality of uncertain death', 'have to leave, and 'new perception about death'. Sixteen categories include 'being well', 'fear', 'unknown', 'boundless', 'being with', 'out of sight', 'new start', 'go back to', 'place going by itself', 'place to meet with', 'being transformed', 'a sense of futility', 'the same point', 'a different point', 'continuous line', and 'a crossroad'. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a number of themes that nursing and medical students reported about the end of life experiences that could be explored as a way of improving end of life care.
Humans ; Life Change Events ; Students, Medical ; Students, Nursing ; Terminal Care

PURPOSE: This study was to explore experiences of spouses with hematologic malignancy patients. The main question was "What are experiences of spouses whose husband or wife was diagnosed with hematologic malignancy?". METHODS: Participants for this study were 12 spouses. Data were collected through individual in-depth unstructured interviews with participants from Feb, 2014 to June, 2015 and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory methodology RESULTS: A core category was 'Finding a way to get out of the endless tunnel'. The process is 1) Shock, 2) Confusion, 3) Struggle, 4) Living with the disease, 5) Maturation within the disease. The contextual conditions were 'Responsibility for patient', 'Fear of spouseless future'. The intervening conditions were 'Having support', 'Having closer marital relationship', Keeping patient's disease repressed. Finally, Participants reached 'Circling around the disease', 'Finding personal growth'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study could help understand the experiences of spouses of hematologic malignancy patients. The emerged process of their experiences gives a framework to develop strategies to help spouses to overcome disease.
Hematologic Neoplasms* ; Humans ; Life Change Events ; Shock ; Spouses*