OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application value of pediatric sepsis-induced coagulation (pSIC) score and mean platelet volume/platelet count (MPV/PLT) ratio in the diagnosis of pediatric sepsis and the determination of critical pediatric sepsis. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, selecting 112 children with sepsis (sepsis group) admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Liaocheng Second People's Hospital from January 2020 to December 2023 as the study objects, and 50 children without sepsis admitted to the pediatric surgery department of our hospital during the same period for elective surgery due to inguinal hernia as the control (control group). The children with sepsis were divided into two groups according to the pediatric critical case score (PCIS). The children with PCIS score of ≤ 80 were classified as critically ill group, and those with PCIS score of > 80 was classified as non-critically ill group. pSIC score, coagulation indicators [prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and fibrinogen (FIB)], and platelet related indicators (PLT, MPV, and MPV/PLT ratio) were collected. Pearson correlation method was used to analyze the correlation between pSIC score and MPV/PLT ratio as well as their correlation with coagulation indicators. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the independent risk factors for pediatric sepsis and critical pediatric sepsis. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to evaluate the application value of the above independent risk factors on the diagnosis of pediatric sepsis and the determination of critical pediatric sepsis. RESULTS: 112 children with sepsis and 50 children without sepsis were enrolled in the final analysis. pSIC score, PT, INR, APTT, FIB, MPV, and MPV/PLT ratio in the sepsis group were significantly higher than those in the control group [pSIC score: 0.93±0.10 vs. 0.06±0.03, PT (s): 14.76±0.38 vs. 12.23±0.15, INR: 1.26±0.03 vs. 1.06±0.01, APTT (s): 40.08±0.94 vs. 32.47±0.54, FIB (g/L): 3.51±0.11 vs. 2.31±0.06, MPV (fL): 8.86±0.14 vs. 7.62±0.11, MPV/PLT ratio: 0.037±0.003 vs. 0.022±0.001, all P < 0.01], and PLT was slightly lower than that in the control group (×10⁹/L: 306.00±11.01 vs. 345.90±10.57, P > 0.05). Among 112 children with sepsis, 46 were critically ill and 66 were non-critically ill. pSIC score, PT, INR, APTT, MPV, and MPV/PLT ratio in the critically ill group were significantly higher than those in the non-critically ill group [pSIC score: 1.74±0.17 vs. 0.36±0.07, PT (s): 16.55±0.80 vs. 13.52±0.23, INR: 1.39±0.07 vs. 1.17±0.02, APTT (s): 43.83±1.72 vs. 37.77±0.95, MPV (fL): 9.31±0.23 vs. 8.55±0.16, MPV/PLT ratio: 0.051±0.006 vs. 0.027±0.001, all P < 0.05], PLT was significantly lower than that in the non-critically ill group (×10⁹/L: 260.50±18.89 vs. 337.70±11.90, P < 0.01), and FIB was slightly lower than that in the non-critically ill group (g/L: 3.28±0.19 vs. 3.67±0.14, P > 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that pSIC score was significantly positively correlated with MPV/PLT ratio and coagulation indicators including PT, APTT and INR in pediatric sepsis (r value was 0.583, 0.571, 0.296 and 0.518, respectively, all P < 0.01), and MPV/PLT ratio was also significantly positively correlated with PT, APTT and INR (r value was 0.300, 0.203 and 0.307, respectively, all P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that pSIC score and MPV/PLT ratio were independent risk factors for pediatric sepsis and critical pediatric sepsis [pediatric sepsis: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for pSIC score was 14.117 (4.190-47.555), and the OR value and 95%CI for MPV/PLT ratio was 1.128 (1.059-1.202), both P < 0.01; critical pediatric sepsis: the OR value and 95%CI for pSIC score was 8.142 (3.672-18.050), and the OR value and 95%CI for MPV/PLT ratio was 1.068 (1.028-1.109), all P < 0.01]. ROC curve analysis showed that pSIC score and MPV/PLT ratio had certain application value in the diagnosis of pediatric sepsis [area under the ROC curve (AUC) and 95%CI was 0.754 (0.700-0.808) and 0.720 (0.643-0.798), respectively] and the determination of critical pediatric sepsis [AUC and 95%CI was 0.849 (0.778-0.919) and 0.731 (0.632-0.830)], and the combined AUC of the two indictors was 0.815 (95%CI was 0.751-0.879) and 0.872 (95%CI was 0.806-0.938), respectively. CONCLUSIONS pSIC score and MPV/PLT ratio have potential application value in the diagnosis of pediatric sepsis and the determination of critical pediatric sepsis, and the combined application of both is more valuable.
Humans ; Sepsis/complications* ; Platelet Count ; Mean Platelet Volume ; Retrospective Studies ; Child ; Blood Coagulation Disorders/diagnosis* ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Male ; Female ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Child, Preschool ; Blood Coagulation ; International Normalized Ratio ; Infant

OBJECTIVE: To construct and validate a prognostic prediction model for children with sepsis using the Phoenix sepsis score (PSS). METHODS: A retrospective case series study was conducted to collect clinical data of children with sepsis admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from January 2022 to April 2024. The data included general information, the worst values of laboratory indicators within the first 24 hours of PICU admission, PSS score, pediatric critical illness score (PCIS), and the survival status of the children within 30 days of admission. The statistically significant indicators in univariate Logistic regression analysis were included in multivariate Logistic regression analysis to screen the risk factors affecting the prognosis of children with sepsis and construct a nomogram model. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to evaluate the predictive performance of the model. The Bootstrap method was used to perform 1 000 repeated sampling internal verification and draw the calibration curve of the model. RESULTS: A total of 199 children with sepsis were included, of which 32 died and 167 survived 30 days after admission. In the univariate Logistic regression analysis, shock, white blood cell count (WBC), international normalized ratio (INR), lactic acid (Lac), PSS score, and PCIS score were identified as statistically significant predictors. These variables were then included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis, which demonstrated that shock [odds ratio (OR) = 4.258, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.049-17.288], WBC (OR = 1.124, 95%CI was 1.052-1.210), and PSS score (OR = 1.977, 95%CI was 1.298-3.012) were independent risk factors for mortality in pediatric patients with sepsis (all P < 0.05). A nomogram model was constructed based on these three risk factors, with the model equation as follows: -4.809+1.449×shock+0.682×PSS score+0.117×WBC. The calibration curve results showed that the model's predictions were highly consistent with the actual observations. The ROC curve showed that when the Youden index of the prediction model was 0.792, the sensitivity and specificity were 90.6% and 88.6%, respectively, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.957 (95%CI was 0.930-0.984), which was higher than the AUC of shock, WBC, and PSS score alone (0.808, 0.667, 0.908, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Shock, WBC, and PSS score have demonstrated certain predictive value for mortality in children with sepsis. The nomogram model based on the above indicators has important clinical significance for evaluating the prognosis and guiding treatment of children with sepsis.
Humans ; Sepsis/diagnosis* ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Logistic Models ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Nomograms ; Child ; ROC Curve ; Risk Factors ; Male ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Infant

Objective To investigate the effect of health failure mode and effect analysis(HFMEA)in optimizing the management process of postoperative diabetes insipidus in children undergoing neurosurgery.Methods Based on HFMEA,a management flowchart for postoperative diabetes insipidus in children undergoing neurosurgery was created.Brainstorming was adopted to identify failure modes in the workflow,analyze risk factors,and develop improvement measures,thereby refining the management flowchart.The amelioration and prognosis of diabetes insipidus in these children before(October 2022 to November 2023)and after(January 2024 to February 2025)implementation of the management flowchart were compared.Results The HFMEA-based management process for postoperative diabetes insipidus in children undergoing neurosurgery alleviated the symptoms of diabetes insipidus regarding the number of diabetes insipidus in the pediatric intensive care unit(P=0.006),the average daily urine output in the pediatric intensive care unit(P=0.001),the proportion of electrolyte abnormalities at discharge/transfer(P=0.037),the duration of mechanical ventilation(P=0.007),and the length of stay in the intensive care unit(P=0.001).Conclusion The HFMEA-based management process for postoperative diabetes insipidus in children undergoing neurosurgery is beneficial to the optimization of the management process,the alleviation of postoperative diabetes insipidus,and the improvement of prognosis in these children.
Humans ; Diabetes Insipidus/etiology* ; Neurosurgical Procedures/adverse effects* ; Child ; Postoperative Complications/therapy* ; Healthcare Failure Mode and Effect Analysis ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Risk Factors

INTRODUCTION: There are limited reports on the epidemiology of paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admissions, deaths and organ donation candidacy. We aimed to describe PICU admission characteristics and outcomes, determine risk factors for mortality, and perform an independent assessment of missed organ donation opportunities. METHOD: We adopted a clinical audit design recruiting consecutive patients admitted to a single-centre multidisciplinary PICU from June 2020 to December 2023. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of survivors and non-survivors were described. Multivariable regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for mortality. Organ donation candidacy was evaluated by an independent team based on the criteria by Singapore's National Organ Transplant Unit. RESULTS: There were 1766 PICU admissions with mean age ± standard deviation of 5.9 ± 6.0 years. Surgical admissions accounted for 707/1766 (40%), while the most common medical admission category was respiratory (416/1766; 23.6%). The majority of 983/1766 (55.7%) had a chronic comorbidity and 312/1766 (17.6%) were dependent on at least 1 medical technology device. Mortality occurred in 99/1766 (5.6%). After adjusting for elective admissions and admission category; comorbidity with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.03 (1.54-5.96); higher Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM 3) score with aOR 1.06 (95% CI 1.04-1.08); and functional status scale with aOR 1.07 (95% CI 1.00-1.13) were associated with mortality. Among non-survivors, organ donor candidacy was 21/99 (21.2%) but successful organ donation occurred in only 2/99 (2.0%). CONCLUSION In this single-centre audit, comorbidities, PIM 3 score and functional impairment were associated with mortality. Efforts are needed to improve paediatric organ donation rates.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Tissue and Organ Procurement/statistics & numerical data* ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric/statistics & numerical data* ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Infant ; Singapore/epidemiology* ; Risk Factors ; Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data* ; Hospital Mortality ; Adolescent ; Medical Audit ; Comorbidity ; Clinical Audit

OBJECTIVES: To explore the etiology composition and outcomes of pediatric chronic critical illness (PCCI) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: The children who were hospitalized in the PICU of Dongguan Children's Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Medical University and met the diagnostic criteria for PCCI from January 2017 to December 2022 were included in the study. The etiology of the children was classified based on their medical records and discharge diagnoses. Relevant clinical data during hospitalization were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 3 955 hospitalized children in the PICU from January 2017 to December 2022, 321 cases (8.12%) met the diagnostic criteria for PCCI. Among the 321 cases, the most common etiology was infection (71.3%, 229 cases), followed by unintentional injury (12.8%, 41 cases), postoperation (5.9%, 19 cases), tumors/immune system diseases (5.0%, 16 cases), and genetic and chromosomal diseases (5.0%, 16 cases). Among the 321 cases, 249 cases (77.6%) were discharged after improvement, 37 cases (11.5%) were discharged at the request of the family, and 35 cases (10.9%) died in the hospital. Among the deaths, infection accounted for 74% (26/35), unintentional injury accounted for 17% (6/35), tumors/immune system diseases accounted for 6% (2/35), and genetic and chromosomal diseases accounted for 3% (1/35). From 2017 to 2022, the proportion of PCCI in PICU diseases showed an increasing trend year by year (P<0.05). Among the 321 children with PCCI, there were 148 infants and young children (46.1%), 57 preschool children (17.8%), 54 school-aged children (16.8%), and 62 adolescents (19.3%), with the highest proportion in the infant and young children group (P<0.05). The in-hospital mortality rates of the four age groups were 14.9% (22/148), 8.8% (5/57), 5.6% (3/54), and 8.1% (5/62), respectively. The infant and young children group had the highest mortality rate, but there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of PCCI in PICU diseases is increasing, and the main causes are infection and unintentional injury. The most common cause of death in children with PCCI is infection. The PCCI patient population is mainly infants and young children, and the in-hospital mortality rate of infant and young children with PCCI is relatively high.
Adolescent ; Infant ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Child ; Critical Illness ; Prognosis ; Child, Hospitalized ; Chronic Disease ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric

Child ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Consensus ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/therapy* ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; Respiration, Artificial ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric

OBJECTIVES: To study the application value of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children. METHODS: The critically ill children in Hunan Children's Hospital who were transported with or without a transport ventilator were included as the observation group (from January 2019 to January 2020; n=122) and the control group (from January 2018 to January 2019; n=120), respectively. The two groups were compared in terms of general data, the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen saturation during transport, the incidence rates of adverse events, and outcomes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the two groups in sex, age, oxygenation index, pediatric critical illness score, course of disease, primary disease, heart rate, respiratory rate, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation before transport (P>0.05). During transport, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, and transcutaneous oxygen saturation (P>0.05). The incidence rates of tracheal catheter detachment, indwelling needle detachment, and sudden cardiac arrest in the observation group were lower than those in the control group during transport, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit and significantly higher transport success rate and cure/improvement rate (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The application of transport ventilator in the inter-hospital transport can improve the success rate of inter-hospital transport and the prognosis in critically ill children, and therefore, it holds promise for clinical application in the inter-hospital transport of critically ill children.
Child ; Humans ; Critical Illness ; Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects* ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Ventilators, Mechanical ; Prognosis

Objective: To investigate the differences in clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric septic shock in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) among hospitals of different levels. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 368 children with septic shock treated in the PICU of Beijing Children's Hospital, Henan Children's Hospital, and Baoding Children's Hospital from January 2018 to December 2021. Their clinical data were collected, including the general information, location of onset (community or hospital-acquired), severity, pathogen positivity, consistence of guideline (the rate of standard attainment at 6 h after resuscitation and the rate of anti-infective drug administration within 1 h after diagnosis), treatment, and in-hospital mortality. The 3 hospitals were national, provincial, and municipal, respectively. Furthermore, the patients were divided into the tumor group and the non-tumor group, and into the in-hospital referral group and the outpatient or emergency admission group. Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. Results: The 368 patients aged 32 (11, 98) months, of whom 223 were males and 145 females. There were 215, 107, and 46 patients with septic shock, with males of 141, 51, and 31 cases, from the national, provincial, and municipal hospitals, respectively. The difference in pediatric risk of mortality Ⅲ (PRISM Ⅲ) scores among the national,provincial and municipal group was statistically significant (26(19, 32) vs.19(12, 26) vs. 12(6, 19), Z=60.25,P<0.001). The difference in community acquired septic shock among the national,provincial and municipal group was statistically significant (31.6%(68/215) vs. 84.1%(90/107) vs. 91.3%(42/46), χ²=108.26,P<0.001). There were no significant differences in compliance with guidelines among the 3 groups (P>0.05). The main bacteria detected in the national group were Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.4% (12/78)) and Staphylococcus aureus (15.4% (12/78)); in the provincial group were Staphylococcus aureus (19.0% (12/63)) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.7% (8/63)), and in the municipal group were Streptococcus pneumoniae (40.0% (10/25)) and Enteric bacilli (16.0% (4/25)). The difference in the proportion of virus and the proportion of 3 or more initial antimicrobials used among the national,provincial and municipal group was statistically significant (27.7% (43/155) vs. 14.9% (13/87) vs. 9.1% (3/33), 22.8%(49/215) vs. 11.2%(12/107) vs. 6.5%(3/46), χ²=8.82, 10.99, both P<0.05). There was no difference in the in-hospital mortality among the 3 groups (P>0.05). Regarding the subgroups of tumor and non-tumor, the national group had higher PRISM Ⅲ (31(24, 38) vs. 22 (21, 28) vs.16 (9, 22), 24 (18, 30) vs. 17(8, 24) vs. 10 (5, 16), Z=30.34, 10.45, both P<0.001), and it was the same for the subgroups of in-hospital referral and out-patient or emergency admission (29 (21, 39) vs. 23 (17, 30) vs. 15 (10, 29), 23 (17, 29) vs. 18 (10, 24) vs. 11 (5, 16), Z=20.33, 14.25, both P<0.001) as compared to the provincial and municipal group. There was no significant difference in the in-hospital mortality among the 2 pairs of subgroups (all P>0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the severity, location of onset, pathogen composition, and initial antibiotics of pediatric septic shock in children's hospitals of different levels, but no differences in compliance with guidelines and in-hospital survival rate.
Female ; Male ; Humans ; Child ; Retrospective Studies ; Shock, Septic/therapy* ; Hospitalization ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Hospitals, Pediatric

Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use* ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric

Objective: To investigate the prognostic factors of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) who had undergone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in China. Methods: From November 2017 to October 2018, this retrospective multi-center study was conducted in 11 hospitals in China. It contained data from 281 cases who had undergone CPR and all of the subjects were divided into CHD group and non-CHD group. The general condition, duration of CPR, epinephrine doses during resuscitation, recovery of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), discharge survival rate and pediatric cerebral performance category in viable children at discharge were compared. According to whether malignant arrhythmia is the direct cause of cardiopulmonary arrest or not, children in CHD and non-CHD groups were divided into 2 subgroups: arrhythmia and non-arrhythmia, and the ROSC and survival rate to discharge were compared. Data in both groups were analyzed by t-test, chi-square analysis or ANOVA, and logistic regression were used to analyze the prognostic factors for ROSC and survival to discharge after cardiac arrest (CA). Results: The incidence of CA in PICU was 3.2% (372/11 588), and the implementation rate of CPR was 75.5% (281/372). There were 144 males and 137 females with median age of 32.8 (5.6, 42.7) months in all 281 CPA cases who received CPR. CHD group had 56 cases while non-CHD had 225 cases, with the percentage of 19.9% (56/281) and 80.1% (225/281) respectively. The proportion of female in CHD group was 60.7% (34/56) which was higher than that in non-CHD group (45.8%, 103/225) (χ²=4.00, P=0.045). There were no differences in ROSC and rate of survival to discharge between the two groups (P>0.05). The ROSC rate of children with arthythmid in CHD group was 70.0% (28/40), higher than 6/16 for non-arrhythmic children (χ²=5.06, P=0.024). At discharge, the pediatric cerebral performance category scores (1-3 scores) of CHD and non-CHD child were 50.9% (26/51) and 44.9% (92/205) respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the independent prognostic factors of ROSC and survival to discharge in children with CHD were CPR duration (odds ratio (OR)=0.95, 0.97; 95%CI: 0.92~0.97, 0.95~0.99; both P<0.05) and epinephrine dosage (OR=0.87 and 0.79, 95%CI: 0.76-1.00 and 0.69-0.89, respectively; both P<0.05). Conclusions: There is no difference between CHD and non-CHD children in ROSC and survival rate of survival to discharge was low. The epinephrine dosage and the duration of CPR are related to the ROSC and survival to discharge of children with CHD.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Heart Arrest/therapy* ; Heart Defects, Congenital/therapy* ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric ; Male ; Retrospective Studies