No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant Formula* ; Infant*

No abstract available.
Copper* ; Humans ; Infant Formula* ; Infant* ; Zinc*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant Formula ; Infant ; Primary Prevention

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant Formula* ; Infant* ; Infant, Low Birth Weight* ; Infant, Newborn

PURPOSE: Regurgitation is a common physiological phenomenon in infants. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new anti-regurgitation (AR) formula (Novalac), thickened with an innovative complex including fibres, on the daily number of regurgitations and to assess its impact on stool consistency and frequency. METHODS: Infants younger than five months, presenting at least 5 regurgitations per day were recruited in this trial. The efficacy of the new formula on regurgitation (daily number and Vandenplas score), stool frequency and consistency were assessed at day 14 and 90. Growth data were recorded at each study visit. RESULTS: Ninety babies (mean age 9.6±5.8 weeks) were included in the full analysis data set. The mean number of regurgitation episodes at inclusion was 7.3±3.4. In all infants, regurgitations improved after 2 weeks. The daily number of regurgitations decreased significantly (-6.3±3.3, p<0.001) including in those previously fed a thickened formula (-6.2±3.0, p<0.001). There was no significant change in stool consistency at day 14. After 3 months, 97.5% of infants had formed or soft stools. Growth was appropriate with a slight increase of weight-for-age z-score (from -0.5±1.0 to -0.1±0.9) and no change of weight-for length z-score (-0.1±1.1 to -0.1±-1.1). CONCLUSION: The new AR formula thickened with an innovative complex is very effective in reducing the daily number of regurgitations without having a negative impact on stools consistency.
Dataset ; Gastroesophageal Reflux ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Physiological Phenomena

PURPOSE: To compare the effectiveness of the magnesium (Mg)-enriched formula vs. control formula in constipated infants. METHODS: An open-label, interventional, and the comparator-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mg-enriched formula in formula-fed infants ≤6 months old presenting with functional constipation according to modified Rome IV criteria. Infants were randomized 1:1 to intervention or control formula for 30 days. Parents recorded stool consistency (hard, normal, or watery) and frequency on days 1–7 and 23–29. Physicians recorded patient baseline characteristics and performed the clinical examination at the time of three patient visits (baseline, day 8, and 30). RESULTS: Of the 286 recruited infants, 143 received the Mg-rich formula and 142 received the control formula. After 7 days, significantly more infants had stools with normal consistency with the Mg-rich formula compared to the infants fed with the control formula (81.8% vs. 41.1%; p<0.001). The number of infants passing one or more stools per day was increased at day 7 in the Mg-rich formula group (86.7% vs. 68.2%; p<0.001). At days 7 and 29, >25% of infants responded completely to the Mg-rich formula compared to <5% of infants fed with the control formula (p<0.001). Parents of infants in the Mg-rich formula group were very satisfied with the treatment (80.8% vs. 10.2%), with the majority willing to continue treatment after 30 days (97.9% vs. 52.6%; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The Mg-rich formula significantly improved stool consistency and frequency compared to the control formula in constipated infants.
Constipation ; Defecation ; Humans ; Infant Formula ; Infant ; Magnesium ; Nutrition Therapy ; Parents

OBJECTIVETo investigate the process to accept the new complementary food, by infants and to analyze the influential factors.

METHODA total of 105 infants were enrolled in this study. Early infant temperament questionnaires were answered by the mothers. The infants were given 10 times to touch new food (carrot mud), and each of their mealtime score of a 5 degrees system was recorded. The distinctions of the food acceptance were analyzed by using chi-square test. The relations between feeding patterns, sex, maternal parity, education and favor of carrot were analyzed by ANOVA and multivariate correlation analysis respectively.

RESULTThe infants showed a certain degree of rejection to taste the new food carrot and begin to accept after tasting for several times. By the 5(th) taste the carrot mud was accepted by most infants (87.7%). The breastfed infants were easier to accept the carrot than the formula-fed infants. There was certain degree of difference in accepting the new food between the genders. The male infants were more difficult to accept carrot than female infants. Mother's education level did not affect the baby's acceptance.

CONCLUSIONMany factors affect the infant's acceptance of new food. Repeatedly tasting new foods will help the infant's acceptance. Infants need at least 5 times of tasting, preferably more than 10 times, to accept new food. Attention should be paid to increase the infant's early experience on the new food. Further research should explore whether the effects of food on the early formation of the picky eating behavior of children.

Eating ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Behavior ; Infant Formula ; Male ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Psychology, Child

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of extensively hydrolyzed protein formula (eHF) on the feeding and growth in preterm infants through a multicenter controlled clinical study.

METHODSPreterm infants admitted to eight upper first-class hospitals in China between February 2012 and December 2013 were randomly selected. They were divided into two observation groups and two control groups. The first observation group consisted of preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks, who were fed with eHF for 10-14 days after birth and then with standard preterm formula (SPF) until discharge. The second observation group consisted of preterm infants with a gestational age of 32-34 weeks, who were fed with SPF after birth, but were switched to eHF (7-14 days) if suffering feeding intolerance at 6-8 days after birth. The two control groups with corresponding gestational ages kept to be fed with SPF after birth. Clinical data were recorded to compare feeding condition, physical growth, blood biochemical indices, and major complications between different groups.

RESULTSA total of 328 preterm infants were enrolled. Preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks in the observation group had a significantly shorter meconium evacuation time than in the corresponding control group (P<0.05). They also had significantly lower levels of serum total bilirubin at weeks 1 and 2 after birth compared with the control group (P<0.05). The observation group needed more time in reaching enteral nutrition (EN) basic energy uptake of 50 kcal/(kg·d), partial parenteral nutrition (PPN), hospitalization, and corrected gestational age at discharge compared with the controlled infants (P<0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) at discharge between the two groups (P>0.05). Preterm infants with a gestational age of 32-34 weeks in the observation group had significantly lower serum total bilirubin levels at 2 weeks after birth compared with the corresponding control group (P<0.05). They required more time in achieving EN basic energy and PPN than in the control group (P<0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of EUGR at discharge between the two groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSFor preterm infants, eHF can improve gastrointestinal motility, accelerate bilirubin metabolism and excretion and does not increase the incidence of EUGR.

Enteral Nutrition ; Humans ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; growth & development ; Parenteral Nutrition

Some pediatric patients who can not eat orally depend on enteral tube feedings, and some patients require more nutrients and calories to achieve the catch-up growth. If a patient is counting on the parenteral nutrition, early initiation of enteral feeding, orally or enterally, is a very good for the intestinal mucosal maturity and motility. There are numerous kinds of formulas and supplements for the enteral feeding for neonates, infants, and children. Depending on the intestinal symptoms, allergic symptoms, requirement of special nutrients, we can choose regular infant formula (milk-based, soy-based), protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid hydrolysate formula, elemental formula. Proper use of these formulas would help for the pediatric patients to recover from their diseases, to facilitate the intestinal mucosal maturity and to achieve their goal of growth.
Child ; Enteral Nutrition ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Parenteral Nutrition

OBJECTIVETo establish a method for determination of fatty acid esters of chloropropanols (chloropropanols esters) in milk powder by isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and to acquire the pollution level of chloropropanols esters in infant formula and evaluate the dietary exposure risk of chloropropanols esters in infant formula for infants.

METHODSA total of 111 infant formula samples were collected from supermarkets in Beijing, and the infant formula with no chloropropanols esters detected was served as the blank sample. The samples were ultrasonically extracted with hexane, followed by ester-bond cleavage reaction with sodium methylate-methanol and purification by matrix solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction, then being derivatived with heptafluoro butyrylimidazol. After extracted by sodium chloride solution, the derivatives were determined by GC-MS. The concentration of chloropropanols esters were quantified using the deuterium chloropropanols esters as the internal standards. The accuracy of the method was assessed by the recoveries of the blank spiked samples, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) of the recoveries represent the precision of the method. The contamination level of chloropropanols esters and the intake amount of the infant formula of the 6-month infant were used to estimate the dietary exposure assessment, and x (95% CI) and P97.5 of the contamination level of chloropropanols esters were used to represent the average dietary exposure and the high-end dietary exposure.

RESULTSThe satisfied linear correlations in the range of 0.010-0.800 mg/L was acquired for 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters, 1,3-DCP esters and 2,3-DCP esters with coefficient correlations of 0.999 9, 0.999 8, 0.999 5 and 0.999 6, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantitation (LOQ) for 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters, 1,3-DCP esters and 2,3-DCP esters were 0.005, 0.005, 0.015, 0.015 mg/kg, and 0.015, 0.015, 0.045, 0.045 mg/kg. The average recoveries of the four chloropropanols esters spiked at 0.025, 0.050 and 0.100 mg/kg in blank matrix were in a range from 80.3% to 111.9%, with relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 11.4%. Of the 111 infant formula samples, the detection rates and the contamination levels of 3-MCPD esters and 2-MCPD esters were 77.5% (86/111), 11.7% (13/111) with the contamination levels in the range of ND-0.230 mg/kg and ND-0.039 mg/kg, respectively, and χ (95% CI) and P97.5 of 3-MCPD esters and 2-MCPD esters were 0.020 (0.003-0.113) and 0.006 (0.005-0.025) mg/kg, 0.113 and 0.025 mg/kg, respectively. 1,3-DCP esters and 2,3-DCP esters were not detected in the 111 samples. x (95% CI) and P75 of the six-month old infants to 3-MCPD esters were 0.304 (0.038-1.735) and 1.735 µg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹, respectively, which accounted for 15.2% and 86.7% of the PMTDI (2 µg · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹) of 3-MCPD.

CONCLUSIONThis GC-MS method was accurate and rugged for the determination of chloropropanols esters in milk powder. Based on the exposure assessment results, the health risk of chloropropanols esters for infants caused by the intake of infant formula was acceptable.

Chlorohydrins ; Esters ; Fatty Acids ; Food Contamination ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; alpha-Chlorohydrin