Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

China ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; standards ; Pediatrics ; Physician's Role

OBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence of urolithiasis in young children fed infant formula (IF) contaminated with melamine, and the association between IF consumption and urolithiasis.

DESIGNA total of 2 733 children < or = 3 years of age on September 1, 2008 in two townships of Gansu Province, China were studied. Cases of urolithiasis were diagnosed by ultrasonography. Milk product consumption was determined by their caregivers. Remaining IF samples were tested for melamine and cyanuric acid.

RESULTSOf 2 733 eligible children in the two townships, 2 186 (80%) were enrolled in our study. Overall, 16.6% (362) of 2 186 children had urolithiasis. The prevalence was 24.6% in children exclusively fed Sanlu brand IF, 9.7% in those fed other IF, and 8.5% in those fed exclusively on other milk products. For children exclusively breast-fed, no urolithiasis was found (P < 0.05). The prevalence of urolithiasis was 11.4% in children fed 400 g of Sanlu IF, rising to 37.5% in children fed over 25 600 g. Of 48 Sanlu IF samples, 91.7% contained melamine (median = 1 800 ppm; range = 45-4 700) and 66.7% contained cyanuric acid (median = 1.2 ppm; range = 0.4-6.3). Melamine was also detected in 22.2% of 36 other brand IF (median = 27.5 ppm, range = 4-50).

CONCLUSIONSUrolithiasis was associated with melamine-contaminated IF. Although one product caused most morbidity, other milk products may have also contributed to the outbreak.

Child, Preschool ; Data Collection ; Food Contamination ; Humans ; Infant Food ; analysis ; Triazines ; toxicity ; Urolithiasis ; chemically induced

Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Infant, Newborn ; Triazines ; toxicity ; Urinary Calculi ; chemically induced

This paper uses the survey findings of rural Korean women from 7 non-representative areas from May 1981 through August 1981 to know the prevalence of exclusive and extended breastfeeding, the frequency of breastfeeding and the pattern of artificial or supplementary feeding. All mothers started out breastfeeding, but many were immediately supplementing from the first month. Thirty percent of mothers who delivered in clinics started to supplement from the time of birth. Exclusive breastfeeding rates fall steeply with age, while general extended breastfeeding rates fall slowly. Feeding rate on demand was 25.5% and more frequent among women with no past experience of breast-feeding and 74.5% of feeding was done on schedule. The most common, reason given for not breastfeeding was "lack of or insufficient milk." About 10 percent of mothers were advised to give cow's milk supplements by health personnel. Monthly supplementary feeding rates were gradually increased until the 12th month, with steep curves from the second through the 7th months. Cumulative frequency of infants having commercial weaning food reaches 20% at ninth months.
Age Factors ; Breast Feeding* ; Female ; Human ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Rural Population ; Time Factors

Wheat is known as a causative agent of bakers' asthma, wheat-dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis and food allergies in infants and young children. However, there has been few cases of wheat-induced anaphylaxis in adult age. We report a case of wheat-induced anaphylaxis patient presented in an adult and two IgE-binding components(43 kDa and 48 kDa) were identified.
Adult* ; Anaphylaxis* ; Asthma ; Child ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Infant ; Triticum

This study was conducted to evaluated the nutrition quality of the commercial supplementary foods for infants and young children and to seek a solution to the establishment of standards of nutrient requirements for supplementary foods in Korea. Information on food ingredients, nutrient contents, claims about usefulness of food components and instructions for feeding preparation were obtained from the labels of 33 commercial supplementary foods manufactured by 4 different domestic companies. According to the standard of supplementary foods for infants and young children described in the Korean Food Code, the commercial supplementary foods were categorized into two different types, weaning food and baby food. All the commercial weaning foods were in powder form and mainly composed of cereals, whereas all the baby foods were mainly composed of fruits in the form of canned juice. The weaning foods contained more nutrients than the baby foods did, and the nutrient levels of the weaning foods expressed as nutrient density on energy basis were higher than the RDA for infants aged 5 to 11 months, suggesting that the commercial weaning foods provide adequate amounts of nutrients. If one followed the instructions for feeding preparation appearing on the label, however, recommended amounts of intake of the weaning foods would provide too much energy as well as nutrients. There were many differences in nutrient standards of weaning foods between the Korean Food Code and Codex international food standard. In conclusion, the establishment of standards for nutrient requirements for the supplementary foods requires significant scientific studies on what nutrients are the most inadequate in Korean infants and young children feeds and what levels of nutrients should be added to the foods in order to supplement their nutrition. In addition, it is very important to have a strong scientific basis to support our standard when discrepancies exist between our standard and the international standard.
Edible Grain ; Child* ; Food Labeling ; Fruit ; Humans ; Infant* ; Korea ; Weaning

Child ; Child Nutrition Disorders ; therapy ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; standards ; Infant Formula ; methods ; Infant, Newborn

Diarrheal disorders in childhood are the second most common cause of child deaths worldwide. Nutritional rehabilitation is the most important factor among treatments when diarrheal disorders develop and has a general beneficial effect on the patient's condition, intestinal function, and immune response. Breast milk is the most nutritious food for treating acute and chronic diarrhea in infants. Until now, many infant formulas have been developed, and particularly, special formulas for treating acute or chronic diarrhea are commonly used. Lactose-free formulas, soy based formulas, and hydrolyzed and amino acid-based formula are typical formulas. In general, replacement with specialized lactose-free formulations is unnecessary in children with persistent diarrhea, and it has been reported that infants that are not severely compromised have food allergy and intestinal failure. However, a general knowledge does not always applied to all populations because the genetic, economic or environmental factors are different. Physicians should know about the components and characteristics of special formulas in order to coach parents to use these formulas properly.
Child ; Diarrhea ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Milk, Human ; Parents

OBJECTIVETo estimate the prevalence and clinical features of food allergy in children aged 0 - 2 years.

METHODFrom January to February, 2009 and January to May, 2010, all well-infants and young children between the age of 0 and 2 years attending routine health visits at the Department of Primary Child Care, in Chongqing, Zhuhai and Hangzhou were invited to participate in the study. Parents completed questionnaires and all children were skin prick tested (SPT) to a panel of 10 foods (egg white, egg yolk, cow's milk, soybean, peanut, wheat, fish, shrimp, orange and carrot). Based on the results of SPT and medical history, the subjects under went the suspected food elimination and oral food challenge under medical supervision. Food allergy was confirmed by the food challenge test.

RESULTTotally 1687 children were recruited by the consent of their parents. Of 1687 children approached, 1604 (550 of Chongqing, 573 of Zhuhai and 481 of Hangzhou) fulfilled the study criteria for diagnosing food allergy. One hundred children were confirmed to have challenge-proven food allergy in 3 cities (40 of Chongqing, 33 of Zhuhai and 27 of Hangzhou). The prevalence of food allergy in 0-2 years old children in Chongqing was 7.3%, in Zhuhai was 5.8% and in Hangzhou was 5.5%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of food allergy in children under 2 years among the three cities, and the average prevalence for food allergy in children under 2 years was 6.2%. Egg (3.0% - 4.4%) was the most common allergen, followed by cow's milk (0.83% - 3.5%), shrimp (0.17% - 0.42%) and fish (0.17% - 0.21%).

CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of food allergy in 0 - 2 years old children in China was 5.5% - 7.3%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of food allergy in children under 2 years of age among the three cities. Egg was the most common allergen, followed by cow's milk, shrimp and fish.

China ; epidemiology ; Food Hypersensitivity ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Prevalence ; Urban Population