Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

OBJECTIVETo investigate how to establish good eating behavior and correct bad eating habits in infants by means of the child health care outpatient clinic and to promote the growth and development of infants.

METHODSInfants aged 0-3 months, who were randomly selected from the urban area of Chongqing, were divided into intervention and control groups. The infants in the intervention group received all intervention measures in the study, while those in the control group received conventional health care. Both groups were subjected to regular monitoring of eating behavior indices including time of introduction of foods, frequency of adding complementary foods and intake frequency of unhealthy foods to analyze the effect of intervention.

RESULTSIn the intervention group, foods were introduced at a reasonable time (P<0.01). Compared with those in the control group, the children aged 9 and 12 months in the intervention group had a significantly higher intake frequency of meat, vegetables and fruits (P<0.01) and a significantly lower intake frequency of sweet drinks (P<0.05), children aged 18 and 24 months in the intervention group had a significantly lower intake frequency of sweet drinks (P<0.01), and the children aged 24 months in the intervention group had a significantly lower intake frequency of ice cream (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONSEating behavior intervention can promote the proper introduction of foods and regular addition of supplementary foods, as well as decrease the intake frequency of unhealthy foods such as sweet drinks and ice cream, thus improving the eating behavior of infants.

China ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male

Child Development ; Female ; Humans ; Infant Behavior ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Touch

OBJECTIVETo investigate the differences between the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP) data from the infants at 38-58 weeks of postconceptual age in three hospitals in Chongqing, China and the America norms, and to provide a reference for the introduction and application of TIMP in China.

METHODSTIMP was used to assess 642 infants with 38-58 weeks of postconceptual age who visited the departments of preterm infants or child healthcare in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Shapingba Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Chongqing, and Chongqing Maternal and Child Health Hospital between January and December, 2016. The assessment scores were analyzed and compared with the America norms.

RESULTSThe TIMP scores increased with the increasing postconceptual age, with 37±5 points in the 38-39week group and 83±12 points in the 56-57week group. All age groups had a significantly lower mean score than the America norms (P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONSTIMP scores can reflect the motor performance in infants with various postconceptual ages. The TIMP scores from the infants with a postconceptual age of 38-58 weeks in three hospitals in Chongqing are significantly different from the America norms, suggesting that it is very necessary in China to establish the Chinese norms for assessing motor performance in infants using TIMP.

Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Behavior ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Motor Skills

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare preterm, neurodevelopmentally disordered and healthy full-term children. METHODS: We enrolled 47 children who were born preterm, 40 neurodevelopmentally disordered children, and 80 healthy children as control participants, in order to assess the cognitive functioning and the risk of behavioral problems at the age of 5. Children were assessed using the Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-4th edition (K-WPPSI-IV), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). RESULTS: The mean K-WPPSI-IV score of the preterm group was 87.19±17.36, which was significantly higher than that of the neurodevelopmental disorder group (69.98±28.63; p < 0.001) but lower than that of the control group (107.74±14.21; p < 0.001). The cumulative CBCL scores of the preterm children were not significantly different from those of the control group. Additionally, the TCI scores for reward dependence of the preterm children were higher than those of the control group. CONCLUSION: The cognitive performance of preterm infants was lower than that of healthy full-term infants at the age of 5, and there was an association between slower growth and decreased cognitive ability.
Checklist ; Child Behavior ; Child ; Cognition ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders ; Problem Behavior ; Reward ; Temperament

OBJECTIVETo investigate the process to accept the new complementary food, by infants and to analyze the influential factors.

METHODA total of 105 infants were enrolled in this study. Early infant temperament questionnaires were answered by the mothers. The infants were given 10 times to touch new food (carrot mud), and each of their mealtime score of a 5 degrees system was recorded. The distinctions of the food acceptance were analyzed by using chi-square test. The relations between feeding patterns, sex, maternal parity, education and favor of carrot were analyzed by ANOVA and multivariate correlation analysis respectively.

RESULTThe infants showed a certain degree of rejection to taste the new food carrot and begin to accept after tasting for several times. By the 5(th) taste the carrot mud was accepted by most infants (87.7%). The breastfed infants were easier to accept the carrot than the formula-fed infants. There was certain degree of difference in accepting the new food between the genders. The male infants were more difficult to accept carrot than female infants. Mother's education level did not affect the baby's acceptance.

CONCLUSIONMany factors affect the infant's acceptance of new food. Repeatedly tasting new foods will help the infant's acceptance. Infants need at least 5 times of tasting, preferably more than 10 times, to accept new food. Attention should be paid to increase the infant's early experience on the new food. Further research should explore whether the effects of food on the early formation of the picky eating behavior of children.

Eating ; psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Behavior ; Infant Formula ; Male ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Psychology, Child

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feeding patterns of infants in Huining County, Gansu Province, an economically undeveloped county in China, so as to provide scientific evidence for nutritional intervention.

METHODSBy cluster sampling based on the area distribution and the economic state, 437 children from 7 different areas in Huining County, Gansu Province were enrolled. A questionnaire on the feeding patterns within 24 months of age was completed by the caregivers. The addition of nutrient supplements (calcium, zinc, ferri, vitamin AD, etc.) during the last year was investigated using the food frequency questionnaires.

RESULTSThe average percentages of breast feeding, mixed feeding and artificial feeding were 45.3%, 40.5% and 14.2% respectively. Delayed introduction of complementary food was the most common. Formula powder was added earliest, at age of 6.4 months. The meats were added latest, at age of 17.2 months. Only 66.8% of infants received an addition of complementary food at age of 4-6 months. Grains, vegetables, fruits and eggs were common complementary additional diets, but fishes and shrimps were seldom provided. The proportion of nutrient supplement use was low. The choice of nutrient supplements in urban districts mainly depended on the physicians' suggestions, but in rural area it depended on the caregivers' experience and media advertisements.

CONCLUSIONSThe feeding patterns for the infants are not reasonable in Huining County, Gansu Province. It is important to provide nutritional education and reasonable feeding program for caregivers from economically undeveloped areas.

Breast Feeding ; Dietary Supplements ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Infant, Newborn ; Male

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to verify discriminant validity and the clinical cutoff score of Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 in the diagnosis of developmental delayed infants. METHODS: The participants were screened by Denver II which includes 156 developmental delayed infants and 288 normal infants. Chi-squared test, t-test, ROC curve analysis, odds ratio analysis were performed on the data. RESULTS: Only 47 items out of 99 items among the CBCL 1.5-5 of total groups, 36 items of boys and 48 items of girls, discriminated developmental delayed infants well. Discriminant validity was confirmed by mean differences on the subscales of Withdrawn, Sleep Problems, Attention Problems, Internalizing Problems, Externalizing Problems, Total Problems, DSM Pervasive Developmental Problems and DSM Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems between the two groups. Additionally, ROC analyses demonstrated that Withdrawn, Attention Problems, Internalizing Problems, Total Behavior Problems and DSM Pervasive Developmental Problems significantly predicted developmental delayed infants compared to normal infants. Also, the clinical cutoff score criteria adopted in the Korean CBCL 1.5-5 for subscales of Withdrawn, Attention Problems, Internalizing Problems, Total Behavior Problems and DSM Pervasive Developmental Problems were shown to be valid. CONCLUSION: The subscales of Withdrawn, Attention Problems, Internalising Problems, Total Behavior Problems and DSM Pervasive Developmental Problems significantly discriminated in the diagnosis of developmental delayed infants well.
Checklist ; Child ; Child Behavior ; Humans ; Infant ; Odds Ratio ; ROC Curve

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between knowledge of breast feeding and practice of feeding pattern. A sample of 117 mothers who have the babies between age from 1 month to 12 months were selected from one university hospital and one public heath care center in J city. The data were collected with the questionnaire during the period from the January. 5, 2002 through January. 30, 2002. Analysis was done by using frequency, percentage, t-test, analysis of variance, and scheffe test. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. Comparision of the method of feeding by general characters. Income state, rearing (p=.019), rearing supporters(p=.026), infant age(p=.03) have shown significant difference as the variables affecting Breast practice rate. Breastfeeding rate were 24.8%, mixedfeeding type, 14.5%, milkfeeding type, 60.7%. The mean of knowledge on breastfeeding by feeding patterns were the highest in the group of breastfeeding. There was statistical significance between the group of breast feeding and milkfeeding(p=.000). In the conclusion, this study revealed that knowledge of breastfeeding promoted practice of breastfeeding. Therefore, to promote practice of breastfeeding, it is necessary that nurses provide adequate information about knowledge of breastfeeding.
Breast Feeding* ; Breast* ; Feeding Behavior* ; Humans ; Infant ; Mothers ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective: To determine the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and use of the Reflexive Behavioral “Baah” Test and NHSRC Level 1 and Level 2 Questionnaires in detecting hearing impairment in rural health communities. Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the rural health unit of five municipalities. Infants less than six months old were screened for hearing impairments using the OAE device (standard), the Reflexive Behavioral “Baah” test, and the NHSRC Level 1 and Level 2 Questionnaires. The “Baah” test and the filling out of the NHSRC Level 1 and 2 Questionnaires were done by trained health workers while OAE was done by an audiologist. Results: A total of 103 babies, with a mean age of 41.9 days at the time of testing and a male to female ratio of 1.02:1 (52 males and 51 females) were tested. A hearing impairment prevalence of 4.9% (5 out of 103) was noted. The “Baah” test showed to have a sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 97.96% and an accuracy rate of 96.12%. The NHSRC Level 1 and Level 2 Questionnaires showed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy rate of 40%, 67.35% and 66.02%, respectively for the former and 40%, 85.71% and 83.50%, respectively for the latter. Analysis of the complimentary use of the NHSRC Level 1 and Level 2 Questionnaires with the “Baah” test also showed no significant improvement to using the “Baah” test as a stand-alone screening tool with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 60%, 67.35% and 66.99%, respectively for the “Baah” test and Level 1 Questionnaire, and 60%, 83.67% and 82.52%, respectively for the “Baah” test and Level 2 Questionnaire. Conclusion The Reflexive Behavioral “Baah” test is a potentially accurate, sensitive, specific, and acceptable standalone hearing screening test to identify infants with higher risk of hearing impairment in the rural health community setting. On the other hand, the use of the NHSRC Questionnaires as a stand-alone or complementary tool for “Baah” is unnecessary as it results to more false positive and false negative results.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Infant, Newborn ; Audiometry ; Behavior Rating Scale