Male homosexuality is a complex phenomenon which is universal and with unknown causes. Researchers believe that both biological and environmental factors have played a role in its pathogenesis. Researches focusing on genetics, neurobiology, development and endocrinology have made certain progress. In this paper, we have reviewed the biological causes of male homosexuality, which may provide clues for further research in this field.
Developmental Biology ; Endocrinology ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Neurobiology

China ; Demography ; HIV Infections ; HIV-1 ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male

China ; HIV Infections ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Risk Factors

Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior ; psychology

Bisexuality ; psychology ; Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; Health Promotion ; Homosexuality, Female ; psychology ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Reduction Behavior ; Singapore ; Transgender Persons ; psychology

The AIDS epidemic in men who have sex wlth men (MSM) in recent years showed a sharp upward trend, looking for behavioral intervention strategies should be imperative. Fear appeals by fear prompted intervention received intervention information, provide a new breakthrough to achieve better effect of propaganda and intervention. After over 70 years development, the Fear Appeal generated from the driver model that proposed the fear decided the effectiveness of behavior intervention, to the extended parallel process model theory which integrated protection motivation theory and parallel process theory, both of which believed the fear is just one of the estimators, suggested fear is the key factor. The fear appeal theory is turning to be even more comprehensive and accurate. As an important theoretical basement, the fear appeal is still developing, and need more work to make it perfection.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; prevention & control ; psychology ; Fear ; Health Promotion ; methods ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male

Adult ; HIV Seropositivity ; psychology ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior

Adult ; Homosexuality, Male ; psychology ; Humans ; Male ; Students ; psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Unsafe Sex

Social culture have significant influence on HIV transmission. Men who have sex with men (MSM), have their own sub-culture, by which made them very different with other population in social norm, behavior mode, as well as some HIV related behavior and the disease transmission risk. Up to date, study focused on the association between social culture and HIV transmission among MSM was limited, thus we reviewed relevant studies in the view of social culture and sub-culture of MSM, analyzed how social culture could potentially influence HIV transmission, and how sub-culture could affect MSM's friend-making, HIV risk behaviors in three aspects including social identity, social norm and social development. Furthermore, we provided some recommendations and suggestions on the future work.
China ; epidemiology ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk-Taking

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Homosexuality, Male ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male