No abstract available.
Fee Schedules* ; Fees and Charges*

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this exploratory study is to explain where, when and how the introduction of user fee system works in low and middle income countries using context, mechanism, and outcome configuration. METHODS: Considering advanced research in realist review approach, we made a review process including those following 4 steps. They are identifying the review question, initial theory and mechanism, searching and selecting primary studies, and extracting, analyzing, and synthesizing relevant data. RESULTS: User fee had a detrimental effect on medical utilization in low and middle income countries. Also previous and current interventions and community participation were critical context in user fee system. Those contexts were associated with intervention initiation and recognition and coping strategies. Such contexts and mechanisms were critical explanatory factors in medical utilization. CONCLUSION: User fee is a series of interventions that are fragile and dynamic. So the introduction of user fee system needs a comprehensive understanding of previous and new intervention, policy infrastructure, and other factors that can influence on medical utilization.
Consumer Participation ; Fees and Charges*

No abstract available.
Fees and Charges* ; Insurance*

No abstract available.
Fee Schedules* ; Fees and Charges* ; Insurance, Health*

The present study was performed to evaluate the job training needs of school nutrition teachers in order to enhance their specialty. Three hundred and forty questionnaires were distributed to school nutrition teachers working at primary and high schools in the Gyeongbuk area while 45 were distributed to professors during 2010~2011. Three hundred and two questionnaires from school nutrition teachers and 33 from professors were returned and analyzed. The rate of teachers practicing nutrition education was 54%, and the educational content was obtained mainly from the internet. The top three problems the teachers encountered were 'lack of standardized educational materials', 'inexperience of teaching', and 'insufficiency of expert knowledge'. The teachers recognized 'training program' as the best solution. However, the job training program operated immediately after teachers were appointed scored only 3.03 out of 5.00. Important contents of the training program ranked highly by the teachers were 'development of education materials', 'nutrition counseling', and 'teaching method'. The professors included 'expert knowledge' in their top three contents. Both the teachers and professors agreed to increase the frequency of 'practice' in training methods. Other factors the teachers considered to be important were high quality, diversity, ability of the instructor, training cycle, and the institution in charge. From these results, it can be concluded that efficient job training programs are needed for school nutrition teachers according to the importance of the education contents and training methods. It is therefore suggested that a cooperation committee be composed of an educator, educatee, and related personal in a local education office in order to operate the program.
Fees and Charges ; Humans ; Internet ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Currently, 10% of cancer chemotherapy is provided to patients by oral formulation; however, by 2013 this percentage is predicted to increase to 25%. Chemotherapy is traditionally given by injection. Oral chemotherapy has been developed as a more convenient method for treating patients. Oral chemotherapy offers many advantages including the elimination of pain often caused by injections, the lack of fees for administering intravenous drugs, more time at home for patients, and a patient's increased sense of autonomy. The role of oral chemotherapy has been expanding because of the potential advantages in convenience and better quality of life for patients, and in the cost-effectiveness of treatment as compared to intravenous chemotherapy. A number of novel oral targeted and cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents are entering the market or are in development. Many of the agents display significant clinical activity against various cancers. The growing availability of effective oral chemotherapy treatments, especially the new class of 'targeted biologic therapies', is one of the wonderful recent advances in cancer care. This manuscript describes the progress of clinical development and efficacy of these newly developed chemotherapeutic agents.
Administration, Oral ; Fees and Charges ; Humans ; Quality of Life

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patient perception of clinical nutrition service. The research was performed by using questionnaires and conducted from February 14 to March 15 at 42 hospitals (over 400 beds). 41.7% of patients experienced nutritional education and counseling. The mean score of the patients' perception on clinical nutritional service was 4.62/5.00 for "nutrition care is important for treatment of the disease", 4.49/5.00 for "diet therapy is necessary for treatment of the disease", 4.16/5.00 for "nutritional counseling call-centers are necessary", 4.13/5.00 for "nutritional consultation fee is required to apply insurance benefits", 4.12/5.00 for "one-to-one nutrition system is necessary", and 3.56/5.00 for "nutrition services I am willing to pay". The patients who had no past experience in nutritional education and counseling showed significantly higher scores for "nutrition care is important for treatment of the disease", "one-to-one nutritional care system is necessary", and "nutritional counseling call-centers are necessary" (P<0.05). The mean scores for the importance (4.26/5.00) and performance (3.88/5.00) of nutrition counseling service were significantly different (P<0.01). "Nutritional counseling is available whenever I want" had the highest gap score between performance and importance among nutrition counseling service items. The importance and performance grid showed that highly important items had high performance (doing great area) and less important items have low performance (low priority).
Counseling ; Fees and Charges ; Humans ; Insurance ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Transdermal drug delivery is applicable to only a few drugs because the stratum corneum is an excellent barrier to percutaneous absorption. Iontophoresis is a non-invasive technique which increases the drug deliveries into the skin through an electric current. In iontophoretic systems, the movement of ionized drugs is facilitated by electrical energy according to the basic electrical principles of "like charges repel each other and opposite charges attract". Iontophoresis has been explored for many dermatological applications with considerably successful reports. This article reviews the principles and advantages/limitations of iontophoresis, the factors affecting iontophoresis and its applications in various dermatological conditions.
Fees and Charges ; Iontophoresis ; Skin ; Skin Absorption

The objectives of the study were to investigate job burnout and leader-member exchange (LMX) levels as well as to evaluate buffering effects of LMX on burnout among dietitians and chefs at institutional foodservices. Hypotheses were proposed based on the Job Demands-Resources model and LMX theory. The study population consisted of dietitians and chefs who were in charge of managing unit operations in a nationwide contract management company. Positive/negative affectivity, workload, job burnout, and LMX scales that had been validated in previous research were adopted. A total of 552 questionnaires were distributed and 154 responses were returned. Results indicated that respondents' burnout levels were moderate and emotional exhaustion was greater than cynicism. In terms of LMX, the surveyed dietitians and chefs showed higher respect toward their supervisors than loyalty. When positive affectivity and negative affectivity were controlled, workload influenced emotional exhaustion and professional efficacy significantly. With affectivity and workload controlled, however, LMX did not influence any dimensions of burnout. The moderating effect of LMX on the relationship between workload and cynicism was significant. That is, the effect of workload on cynicism was weak if the dietitians and chefs perceived the relationship with their supervisor positively. Based on the findings and literature reviewed, how to mitigate job burnout among foodservice managers is discussed.
Contracts ; Fees and Charges ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Weights and Measures

This study was conducted to characterize well-being menus and to examine the service frequency and profitability of those served in the contract-managed workplace foodservice. In-depth interviews were conducted with six persons who were in charge of menu management in the headquarters of six different foodservice management companies during March, 2007. In addition, 122 set menus consisting of 777 menu items, which were on one month menus served during January to April, 2007, were collected from three workplace operations managed by three different foodservice management companies. As a result of the in-depth interviews, four categories of well-being menu items were extracted: 'medicinal, functional menu item', 'environmentally- friendly menu item', 'natural food menu item', and 'harmful components-limiting menu item'. Accordingly, a well-being menu item was defined as 'a menu item with increased nutrition value or decreased health risk by changing food material or cooking method'. When the menu items (n=777) were analyzed by applying the definition and categories, approximately 14% of the items were identified as well-being menu items and most of them were either medicinal, functional (65%) or natural food menu items (33%). Approximately 59% of the 122 set menus included at least one well-being menu item, and therefore they were named the well-being set menus. These well-being set menus, however, were not significantly different from the rest set menus in terms of profitability as measured by the contribution margin. The results of this study could be useful for foodservice management companies to develop and plan well-being menus targeting workplace foodservice operations.
Cooking ; Fees and Charges ; Humans ; Nutritive Value