The authors analysed the interpupillary distance, the distance between optical centers and the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center in 297 spectacles wearers. The results were as follows: 1. Among the 297 glasses wearers, myopic glasses wearers accounted for 226 persons(76.09%), and hyperopic glasses wearers for 71 persons(23.91%). 2. Among the 297 glasses wearers, the distance between optical centers coincided with the interpupillary distance in 51 persons(17.17%), and was incongruous in 246 persons(82.83%). 3. Among the 297 glasses wearers, the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center was the same in both eyes in 152 persons(51.19%), and was incongruous in 145 persons(48.81%). 4. Among the 246 persons in whom the distance between optical centers of their glasses did not coincide with the interpupillary distance, the horizontal prismatic effects of both eyes overpassed the aberration of tolerance of ophthalmic dispensing in 46 persons(18.70%), and the maximum horizontal prismatic effect of one eye was 5.85 prism diopters. 5. Among the 145 persons in whom the distance from the upper margin of the lens to the optical center of their glasses did not coincide in both eyes, the vertical prismatic effects overpassed the aberration of tolerance of ophthalmic dispensing in 48 persons(33.10%), and the maximum vertical prismatic effect was 2.47 prism diopters.
Eyeglasses* ; Glass ; Humans

The objects of the refractive examination are to check the refractive state of the eyes and to correct the refractive errors with glasses. This paper is directed to the basic methods of subjective and objective refractive examination.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Refractive Errors

It is the purpose of this study to evaluate fusional status of 49 strabismic patients who showed orthophoria less than 10 prism diopters (PD) after surgery under alternate prism and cover test. We undertook the Worth 4-dot(W4D) test twice, reversing the position of the red/green glasses between the eyes for the second trial. Bagolini test was also performed in 31 of 49 cases. Nineteen of 49 case(18.4%) showed different results on the W4D test with red/green glasses after reversal at near or distance, either changing fusional status or changing laterality of suppression. Four of 31 cases (18.0%) showed different status of fusion or suppression between W4D and Bagolini tests. We think that it repeating test twice, with the red/green glass reversed between trials, and with combination of Bagolini test, provides better reliability of W4D test.
Artifacts* ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Strabismus

New Korean near vision chart was designed by the author and presented. As for the test types, photographically reduced optotypes of the Korean Test Chart for distance, published in Sep. 1964, and sentences in Korean letters similar to the Jaeger's near vision test types were employed in this chart, and the units of vision ranged from 0.1 to 1.2. On the back of the chart, a Landolt's ring for O.1; test objects in Korean sentences, solid and dotted lines for determination of the near point distance of accommodation; astigmatic dial; figure showing the structure of the eyeball; table of the amplitude and near point distance of accommodation in different ages ranging from 10 to 70, and suitable diopters of the glasses for reading in presbyopia with normal refraction were printed. The author stressed the importance of vision test for Dear and necessity of the near vision chart.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Presbyopia ; Vision Tests

It is hard to advice for fitting contact lens in the case of monocular lens extraction in rural area because of exposure to dust laden air and elderly people in most cases. Questionares for comfortability, Side effects and the method of visual correction were obtained in 200 cases of cataract operation in rural area. Most of the advanced age group replyed that the unsatisfactory and difficulty for fitting contact lens, therefore it is desirable method to obtain good adaptation and binocualr vision with P-A (Phakic and Aphakic) spectacles by intensive training.
Aged ; Cataract* ; Dust ; Eyeglasses ; Humans

Recently, virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have received increasing attention, with the development of VR/AR devices such as head-mounted displays, haptic devices, and AR glasses. Medicine is considered to be one of the most effective applications of VR/AR. In this article, we describe a systematic literature review conducted to investigate the state-of-the-art VR/AR technology relevant to plastic surgery. The 35 studies that were ultimately selected were categorized into 3 representative topics: VR/AR-based preoperative planning, navigation, and training. In addition, future trends of VR/AR technology associated with plastic surgery and related fields are discussed.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Plastics* ; Surgery, Plastic*

The authors analysed the interpupillary distance and the distance between optical centers in 200 spectacles wearers. The results were as follows; 1. Among the 200 glasses wearers, the cases of hospital prescriptions were 44 persons and the cases of optical shops prescriptions were 156 persons. 2. Hyperopic glasses wearers were 26 persons and myopic glasses wearers were 174 persons. 3. The distance between optical centers was coincided to the interpupillary distance in 26 persons and discrepant in 174 persons. 4. In 115 eyes the prismatic effects were more than 0.5 prism diopter, and maximal prismatic effect was 5.78 prism diopters. 5. The evaluation of the induced horizontal phoria showed that 119 persons had the induced esophoria and 55 persons had the induced exophoria. In 58 persons induced phoria were more than 1 prism diopter. Maximal induced esophoria was 11.55 prism diopters and maximal induced exophoria was 4.30 prism diopters.
Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Eyeglasses* ; Glass ; Humans ; Prescriptions ; Strabismus

PURPOSE: To report the characteristics and therapeutic results of patients with delayed consecutive esotropia after undergoing surgery for exotropia. METHODS: Ten patients with delayed consecutive esotropia of more than 10 prism diopters (PD) after orthotropia was obtained postoperatively were included in this study. The authors investigated the clinical characteristics, the deviated angle at postoperative day one, the duration between surgery and orthotropia, the duration between surgery and delayed esotropia, the angle of esotropia, and the result of treatment in delayed consecutive esotropia. RESULTS: The average of the preoperative angle of exodeviation was 30PD at distance and 31PD at near. The patients underwent surgery for exotropia at a mean age of 5.3 years, and one day postoperatively, the angle of esodeviation was 12PD at distance and 10PD at near. All 10 patients demonstrated orthotropia at 0.9 months after surgery. However, esotropia of 21PD occurred 4 months after surgery for all patients. Six of the 10 patients demonstrated orthotropia or 10PD or less at the last visit after patching therapy or fitting for Fresnel prism glasses. The remaining four patients did not improve or showed aggravated esotropia with a doubled-angle of esotropia. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with orthotropia after exotropia surgery, delayed consecutive esotropia can occur, and the prognosis of non-surgical treatment is relatively poor.
Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Prognosis

Cyclotorsion is a well known feature of oblique muscle disorders in the eye, usually associated with vertical and/or horizontal strabismus. Its presence and amount of deviation are not easy to detect, therefore requiring more sensitive and accurate tests. But the present measuring devices such as the double Maddox rod test and Bagolini lens test, known to be the standard tests used for cyclodeviation in these days have some limitations. We developed a new computerized test for the measurement of cyclodeviation that remedies the weak points of the existing tests. The cyclotorsion at any eye position can be measured accurately. It is based on subjective response of the examinee. The examinee wears the red-green glasses and identifies when the two lines on the monitor are parellel while the examiner rotates the red or green line with keystroke of computer keyboard. It is possible to test the deviations in all directions. We hope this computerized application will be accepted widely as an useful subjective torsion test in near future.
Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Hope ; Muscular Diseases ; Strabismus

From 128 young men who had no subjective symptoms during recent six months, prostatic secretions were collected on two slide glasses it each. Both slide glasses were examined microscopically for cytology. One of them was stained with Sternheimer and Malbin method for cytology and the other was stained with Gramts method for bacteriology. But no cultures were done, The results were as follows: Microscopic findings : Of 128 prostatic secretions examined microscopically, 73.4 per cent showed less than 10 W.B.C. per H.P.F. (normal); 12.5 per cent 11~20 W.B.C. per H.P.F. (grade 1); 7. 8 per cent 21~30 W.B.C per H.P.F.(grade 2); 3. 9 per cent 31~50 W.B.C. per H.P.F.(grade 3) and 2. 4 per cent more than 51 W.B,C. per H.P.F.(grade 4). Bacteriology: Regardless of microscopic findings microorganisms were found in 61.7 per cent of 128 prostatic secretions. Among the found microorganisms, Gram negative rod was the most common, and Gram positive coccus, Gram positive rod and Gram negative coccus followed in that order. There appeared no relation between the microscopic findings and the present of microorganisms.
Bacteriology ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Male ; Prostatitis*