Background. The use of face shield in addition to face mask is thought to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by blocking respiratory droplets and by preventing one from touching facial orifices.

Objective. To determine the effectiveness of face mask with face shield, compared to face mask alone, in reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, as well as trial registers, preprint sites and COVID-19 living evidence sites as of 30 September 2021. We included studies that used face shield with face mask versus face mask alone to prevent COVID-19. We screened studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias and certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. Review Manager 5.4 was used to estimate pooled effects.

Results. There is no available direct evidence for face shield plus face mask versus face mask alone in the general public. Five (5) observational studies with very low certainty of evidence due to serious risk of bias and indirectness were included. Participants in all the studies were health care workers (HCWs) who used the face shield with their standard personal protective equipment (PPE). Four (4) of the studies were in the hospital setting (three case control studies, one pre- and post-surveillance study); one was done in the community (one pre- and post-surveillance study) in which HCWs visited the residence of the contacts of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. The case control studies done in the hospital setting showed a trend toward benefit with the use of face shield or goggle but this was inconclusive (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.68-1.08) while the pre- and post-surveillance study showed significant benefit when face shield (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.22-0.37) use became a requirement for HCWs upon hospital entry. In the study done in the community setting, significant protection for HCWs was noted with the use of face shield (OR 0.04, 95% CI 0.00-0.69) but the results were limited by serious risk of bias and imprecision.

Conclusion. In the hospital setting, there was a lower likelihood of COVID-19 infection in HCWs who used a face shield or goggles on top of their PPE. For the general public in the community, there is presently no study on the use of face shield in addition to the face mask to prevent COVID-19 infection.

The authors analysed 22 patients who were admitted to Gyeongsang National University Hospital because of ocular injuries induced by Power lawn mowers from March 1, 1991 to December 31, 1994. All of the patients were males. The average age of the patients was 43.3(range 15-69). Most injuries occured between June and September. Perforating injuries were developed in 8(36.4%) of 22 eyes and non-perforating injuries in 14(63.6%) eyes. The type of injuries were lens damage(10/22), vitreous hemorrhage(8/22), iridodialysis(4/22), intraocular foreign body(3/22), endophthalmitis(2/22), retinal detachment(1/22), and choroidal rupture(1/22). The prognosis was poor when the eyeball was perforated. Therefore safety goggles are absolutely needed for prevention of ocular injuries induced by Power lawn mowers.
Choroid ; Endophthalmitis ; Eye Protective Devices ; Humans ; Male ; Prognosis ; Retinaldehyde

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A rotation chair test has been used to evaluate the function of the horizontal semicircular canals. Currently, two chair systems according to the presence of cylindrical darkroom are used in a clinic setting. However, it has not been thoroughly investigated whether one system is superior to the other system or not. In this study, we aimed to compare test outcomes and subject convenience between two systems. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty subjects with no history of otologic disease were enrolled. Subjects were tested with two systems: system [A] with a cylindrical chamber and system [B] with no chamber. The results of sinusoidal harmonic acceleration (SHA), step velocity (SV), and visual fixation (VFX) tests were compared between the systems. Subject convenience was assessed with a questionnaire survey and results were compared between the systems. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in gain or asymmetry in SHA test between the systems. However, the phase of system [A] was significantly lower than that of system [B] at 0.16 Hz. There was no significant difference between the systems in directional preponderance (DP) gain or DP time constant. Regarding the VFX test, gain was higher in system [A] than system [B]. Subjects reported less stuffiness and less anxiety with system [B] than system [A], while preferring the system [A] goggles. CONCLUSIONS: A rotation chair system without a darkroom can provide a more comfortable experience for subjects in terms of stuffiness and anxiety, while showing comparable results in SHA and SV tests with a darkroom system.
Acceleration ; Anxiety ; Ear Diseases ; Eye Protective Devices ; Semicircular Canals

OBJECTIVES: Spontaneous nystagmus, which has been considered a typical sign of acute vestibulopathy, has recently been reported in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo involving the lateral semicircular canals (LC-BPPV) without unilateral vestibulopathy (pseudo-spontaneous nystagmus, PSN), but research about its clinical application is still limited. Here we investigate the frequency and characteristics of PSN in LC-BPPV patients, and estimate its prognostic value. METHODS: For 95 patients with LC-BPPV, we examined nystagmus in the sitting position in the clinic with video goggles. Patients were categorized as PSN or non-PSN, according to presence of horizontal nystagmus in the sitting position at diagnosis. The duration of vertiginous symptoms before diagnosis and the duration of treatment were compared between the two groups. The results of video-nystagmography test were reviewed when available. RESULTS: PSN was examined in 16 (16.8%) patients, all of whose symptoms disappeared immediately after successful repositioning therapy. While the duration of symptoms did not differ statistically between groups (P=0.481), the duration of treatment in the PSN group was significantly longer than in the non-PSN group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that the presence of spontaneous nystagmus in the sitting position does not preclude a diagnosis of LC-BPPV without unilateral vestibulopathy. PSN was related to a poor outcome of LC-BPPV in this study.
Eye Protective Devices ; Humans ; Nystagmus, Pathologic ; Semicircular Canals ; Vertigo

OBJECTIVE: To compare three sterilizing methods for reusable medical goggles. METHODS: A total of 180 medical goggles of the same brand and same model were randomly divided into three groups. In group A the goggles were first soaked with 2000 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant and then cleaned manually; goggles in other two groups were sterilized using pre-programmed automatic spray cleaning and disinfection machine, the disinfection program was set to 90 ℃ for 5 min in group B and 70 ℃ for 30 min in group C. The quality of the sterilization was monitored by visual inspection with luminous magnifying glass and residual protein detection assay. User satisfaction on cleanliness of medical goggles, clarity of mirror surface and suitability of elastic bands was investigated with questionnaire survey. RESULTS: The qualification rates verified by visual inspection were 82.4%, 84.6%and 98.3%in group A, B and C, respectively, the qualification rate in group C was significantly higher than those in group B and group C (all CONCLUSIONS Machinery sterilization set 70 ℃ for 30 min has better cleaning and sterilizing effects for reusable medical goggles.
Eye Protective Devices/standards* ; Sterilization/methods* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: The C-arm fluoroscope is known as the most important equipment in pain interventions. This study was conducted to investigate the completion rate of education on radiation safety, the knowledge of radiation exposure, the use of radiation protection, and so on. METHODS: Unsigned questionnaires were collected from the 27 pain physicians who applied for the final test to become an expert in pain medicine in 2011. The survey was composed of 12 questions about the position of the hospital, the kind of hospital, the use of C-arm fluoroscopy, radiation safety education, knowledge of annual permissible radiation dose, use of radiation protection, and efforts to reduce radiation exposure. RESULTS: In this study, although most respondents (93%) had used C-arm fluoroscopy, only 33% of the physicians completed radiation safety education. Even though nine (33%) had received education on radiation safety, none of the physicians knew the annual permissible radiation dose. In comparing the radiation safety education group and the no-education group, the rate of wearing radiation-protective glasses or goggles and the use of radiation badges or dosimeters were significantly higher in the education group. However, in the use of other protective equipment, knowledge of radiation safety, and efforts to reduce radiation exposure, there were no statistical differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The respondents knew very little about radiation safety and had low interest in their radiation exposure. To make the use of fluoroscopy safer, additional education, as well as attention to and knowledge of practices of radiation safety are required for pain physicians.
Surveys and Questionnaires ; Eye Protective Devices ; Eyeglasses ; Fluoroscopy ; Glass ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Radiation Monitoring ; Radiation Protection

PURPOSE: The visual evoked potentials (VEPs) offer a window both on visual system function and on cerebral or neurologic function. The study was performed to evaluate the maturation of VEP in preterm infants and to present a guide to detect high risk neonates who can develop neurodevelopmental abnormalities. METHODS: The VEPs were recorded in response to binocular stimulus with light-emitting diode goggles. VEP recordings were analyzed in 37 healthy neonates who were followed longer than 6 months and neurodevelopmentally normal. RESULTS: 1) The peak latencies of N1 were 158.4+/-42.4 (msec), 159.4+/-40.6, 80.2+/-20.6, 52.4+/-12.0 from 34 to 42 weeks, respectively. 2) The peak latencies of P1 were 227.7+/-34.4 (msec), 187.0+/-35.4, 124.4+/-30.2, 148.3+/- 44.9 from 34 to 42 weeks, respectively. 3) The peak latencies of N2 were 315.4+/-49.9 (msec), 228.6+/-44.2, 205.5+/-69.3, 194.4+/- 89.9 from 34 to 42 weeks, respectively. 4) The peak latencies of P2 were 403.1+/-87.0 (msec), 275.4+/-61.5, 232.5+/-58.7, 255.1+/- 125.1 from 34 to 42 weeks, respectively. 5) The mean amplitude of N1-P1, P1-N2, N2-P2 were 5.3+/-6.8 (microvolt), 5.3+/-5.5, 5.5+/- 4.1 respectively. The peak latencies were inversely related to post-conceptional age (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The peak latencies of each wave were decreased according to the post-conceptional age and these data reflect maturational changes in brain function.
Brain ; Evoked Potentials, Visual* ; Eye Protective Devices ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Telescopes

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several manufacturers supply different types of Frenzel glasses, but the quality of these varied Frenzel glasses seems to be quite different. The aim of this study was to compare the competence in suppressing visual fixation (VF) among different types of Frenzel glasses. The second aim was to develop a new type of Frenzel glasses which is cheaper and more convenient to carry, but has an equivalent competence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different types of Frenzel glasses were evaluated: 30 diopter Frenzel glasses manufactured by Nagashima (N), 10 diopter Frenzel glasses manufactured by Jungang (J), 13 diopter conventional magnifying glasses (M) and 17 diopter Fresnel lens glasses assembled by the authors. The amplitude of the spontaneous nystagmus (SN) was measured though the electronystagmography system. The SN was measured 35 times from 15 patients who were diagnosed as vestibular neuritis. RESULTS: The mean amplitude of the SN was 8.8+/-3.2degrees/sec when measured with the videonystagmography goggles. When the same SN was measured through the 4 different Frenzel glasses, it was 7.5+/-2.8 (N), 6.3+/-3.0 (F), 6.2+/-3.0 (M), and 5.7+/-2.6 (J)degrees/sec respectively. The amplitude of the SN was significantly bigger when wearing the N glasses compared to the other 3 glasses. The SN was significantly smaller when wearing the J glasses compared to the F glasses. CONCLUSION: The competence of suppressing VF was significantly different among the varied types of glasses. The F glasses seem to have a similar or better competence with the J glasses. F glasses seems to be a fairly good alternative which is very portable and cheap.
Electronystagmography ; Eye Protective Devices ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Mental Competency ; Vestibular Neuronitis

Patients undergoing non-ocular surgery under general anesthesia may suffer from ocular complications because of the loss of protective reflexes. Simple taping of the eyelids closed, the instillation of ointments into the conjunctival sac, and the use of protective goggles have been recommended for eye protection. We observed a case of a 6-year-old child undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy who experienced severe edema after application of an ointment (Terramycin ophthalmic ointment) to the orbits and upper lip. After several days of steroid and antihistamine administration, the edema of the orbits and lip returned to normal. Therefore, we suggest that unexpected edema in the orbits and lip following surgery can be due to hypersensitivity to the ointment.
Adenoidectomy ; Anesthesia, General ; Child ; Edema ; Eye ; Eye Protective Devices ; Eyelids ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Lip ; Ointments ; Orbit ; Reflex ; Tonsillectomy

PURPOSE: To report a case of subhyaloid hemorrhage which resulted from bungee jumping and to describe the clinical course. METHODS: A 21-year-old man who presented with acute diminution in vision following bungee jumping from a height of approximately 64m visited our ophthalmologic department 3 days after the jump. RESULTS: Best uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was right eye 1.0 and left eye F.C 10cm initially. He demonstrated a periocular contusion of about 1cm in the left lateral eyebrow. A full examination of the anterior segment was normal but his left fundus showed a subhyaloid hemorrhage of about 7 disc-diameters in size. There were surrounding superficial retinal hemorrhages and peripheral retinal edema. At 54 days follow-up, subhyaloid hemorrhage of about 5 disc-diameters in size remained and visual acuity was not improved. Trans pars plana vitrectomy was performed in his left eye and improved his vision. One month after the operation, the vision was 1.0 unaided in the left eye. The visual acuity remained as 1.0 eight months after the operation. CONCLUSIONS: It is important that the public should be educated about the potential hazard of bungee jumping and we recommend the use of safety glasses during the bungee jump.
Contusions ; Eye Protective Devices ; Eyebrows ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Papilledema ; Retinal Hemorrhage ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy ; Young Adult