Background: Unhealthy diet, including high consumption of beverages with added sugars, has been attributed to the increasing trend of overweight and obesity. Objectives: This study explored the trend in beverage consumption and estimated the percent energy contribution of beverages to the total energy intake of selected population groups in the Philippines from 2008 to 2019. Methodology: The proportions, mean intakes, and percentile distributions of energy intake from beverages of selected population groups in 2008, 2013, and 2018-2019 used in this study were estimated using the National Nutrition Surveys by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute. Two analyses were done for the energy intake from beverages: (1) beverages excluding milk and dairy products, and (2) all beverages. The energy intake from sugars and syrups was also noted. Results: Results showed that the mean energy intake for beverages increased from 2008 to 2018-2019 for all age groups. The mean contribution of beverages to total energy intake, excluding milk and dairy products, was generally low but increased from 2008 to 2018-2019 with ranges from 2.3-3.7% and 2.8%-5.2%, respectively. However, high beverage consumers or those consuming ≥120 kcal per day, even excluding milk and dairy products, were observed in 6.3% of children 6 months to 5 years, 10.3% of children 6-12 years old, 16.1% of adolescents, 23.5% of adults, and 13.0% of pregnant women in 2018-2019. Conclusion Behavior change communication strategies are needed to prevent obesity and other lifestyle-related diseases, particularly in the population groups with a high consumption of caloric beverages.
Beverages ; Energy Intake ; Obesity

No Abstract Available.
Breakfast* ; Child* ; Energy Intake* ; Humans

We examined whether visual perception related to consumption norms could influence food consumption and satiety by using modified soup bowls with elevated bottoms. Twenty-six healthy women (BMI 19.9 kg/m2 Age 24 yr) participated in the study once a week for 2 weeks. The subjects were served beef shank soup in one of two soup bowls (180 g soup in the modified bowl or 250 g soup in the normal bowl). The results showed that subjects who ate from the modified soup bowl consumed less soup (135.3 kcal vs 180.0 kcal, P<0.001) and had lower total energy intake (390.6 kcal vs 438.1 kcal, P<0.01) than those who ate from the normal soup bowl. However, despite consuming fewer calories, satiety levels of those who ate from the modifed soup bowl were not significantly different from those using the normal soup bowl. In conclusion, these results indicate that the modified soup bowl which created a distorted visual perception ot the amount of soup in the bowl leads to decreased soup intake and total energy intake without altering satiety. The reduced amount of soup in the modified soup bowl may also implicitly suggest what might be interpreted as an appropriate amount to consume, and also in essence suggest reduced consumption norm.
Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Visual Perception

PURPOSE: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the nutritional states and investigate the energy intake of tube-fed patients with severe neurodevelopmental disability. METHODS: Eighty six tube-fed patients with severe neurodevelopmental disability were studied. Heights were measured by flexible scale segmentally. Nutritional parameters of weight, triceps skin- fold thickness and mid-arm circumference were also measured. Total caloric intakes through the tube were calculated. RESULTS: The anthropometric results showed that nutritional states of tube-fed patients with severe neurodevelopmental disability were poor. The mean daily caloric intake was much less than daily energy requirement (mean=45.2% of requirement). The caloric intake was 7.2 kcal/height (cm), 57.0 kcal/weight (kg). Height was more related with caloric intake (r=0.476) than weight (r=0.263). CONCLUSION: These results provide that tube-fed patients with severe neurodevelopmental disability were growth retarded and their energy intakes were much less than daily energy requirements. The preliminary evidence was that they need adequate nutritional supply.
Anthropometry ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Energy Intake ; Humans

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in energy and macronutrient intakes during the premenstrual(days -10-1) and postmenstrual(days 5-14) phases. Thirty-two college female students recorded their food consumption and dietary patterns over 5 weeks from September 8 to October 12, 1997. Mean daily energy and macronutrient intakes and the percentage of energy intake from protein and carbohydrate were relatively consstant over the two menstrual cycle phases, but the energy intake from fat increased 1%(P<0.05)during the postmenstrual phase. Two different dietary patterns were identified by the shifts in energy intake between postmenstrual and premenstrual phases. Seventy five percent of subjects revealed a consistent pattern with the results of previous studies investigating food intake over the menstrual cycle, in which the premenstrual phase is associated with an increment in energy, carbohydrate, and protein intake. Incontrast, energy, protein, and fat intakes increased during the postmenstrual phase in 25% of the subjects. We conclude that cyclical fluctuations in energy and macronutrient intakes occur in both postmenstrual and premenstrual dietary pattern groups across the two menstrual phased with the opposite directions.
Eating ; Energy Intake ; Female ; Humans ; Menstrual Cycle*

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the influence of different sizes of spoons (normal spoon, 8.3 cc vs small spoon, 4 cc) on eating rate, energy intake and the satiety levels of female college students. METHODS: Twenty four healthy female college students participated in this study once a week for 2 weeks. Two hundred ten grams of cooked rice and 250 g of beef shank soup with a normal spoon and same amount of rice and soup with a small size spoon were served to the same participants over two consecutive weeks. After each lunch, the eating rate, energy intake, and the satiety levels were measured. RESULTS: Results showed that the subjects who were using a small spoon ate less beef shank soup (149.0 kcal) (p < 0.01) and had lower total energy intake (423.3 kcal) (p < 0.05) than using a normal spoon (178.7 and 461.1 kcal, respectively). Also, the meal time (15.7 min) (p < 0.01), a serving per one spoon (8.6 g) (p < 0.001), and eating rate (27.9 g/min) (p < 0.001) of those who used a small spoon were significantly different than that of those who used a normal spoon (13.6 min, 12.5 g and 35.7 g/min, respectively). However, despite consuming less energy at lunch, the level of satiety after eating from the small spoon was not significantly different from the normal spoon immediately after, 1 hour after and 2 hour after lunch. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed that students were able to control their eating rate by using a small spoon and they could feel full enough even though they eat less. In conclusion, eating rate decrease by using a small spoon may play an important role in food intake.
Eating* ; Energy Intake* ; Female* ; Humans ; Lunch ; Meals

Bias is the main problem that should be considered in epidemiologic research. Information bias caused by measurement error and confounding caused by total energy intake are listed as the main biases in nutritional epidemiology and the concept, fact and the methods for adjusting effects of these biases are discussed. The biases which can be caused during the nutritional epidemiologic research process are listed and discussed. The pros and cons of the continuous data and categorical data of the nutrients and the ways how to categorize the data are reviewed. During the analysis of food and nutrient data, multiple comparison and publication bias are prone to be encountered, and these should be considered in interpretation of the results. Understanding of the biases will lead us to make valuable nutritional epidemiologic research and these lead the application of the research results to control the prevalent noncommunicable diseases.
Bias (Epidemiology)* ; Energy Intake ; Epidemiology* ; Publication Bias

The purpose of this study was to assess the physical activity and energy balance of weekdays and weekend in male high school students. Fifty healthy male high school students participated in this study. Anthropometric data were collected. Physical activity level (PAL) and energy intake for weekdays and weekend were calculated from a physical activity diary and food diary using the 24-hour recall method and interview. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and estimated energy requirement (EER) were calculated from the prediction equations suggested in 2015 KDRIs. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was calculated by multiplying RMR by PAL. Mean age of subjects was 15.9±0.33 years. The daily pedometer counts were significantly higher in the weekdays (12,837 steps) than in weekend (6,661 steps) (P<0.001). The PAL of the weekdays (1.63±0.17) was significantly higher than that (1.37±0.26) of the weekend (P<0.001). PAL was significantly correlated with pedometer counts on the weekdays (r=0.495) and weekend (r=0.686). The total energy intakes (2,847.2±681.5 kcal) and TEE (3,046.3±437.3 kcal) of weekdays were significantly higher than those of the weekend. The results of this study would be useful to develop nutrition and exercise programs for male high school students on weekdays and weekend, respectively.
Diet Records ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism* ; Humans ; Male* ; Motor Activity*

OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to investigate associations between eating style and food intake of 45 female college students during Chuseok holidays. METHODS: A ten-day food record was obtained and divided into two parts. The first five days (September 20-24, 2015) were considered as a 'Normal Day (ND 1-5)' and the subsequent five days (September 25-29) as 'Holiday (HD6-10)'. The middle three days (September 26-28) of the holidays were considered as the 'Peak Holiday (PD7-9)'. Eating behaviors were measured using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) and anthropometry was assessed in all study participants. Participants were grouped by cluster analysis according to the mean energy intake of the first three days of the Holiday. RESULTS: Participants had a low-normal range of BMI and they were carefully restricting their food intake at Normal Day. Even the food intake did not exceed 2000 kcal per day during the Peak Holiday. External eating was the most prevalent type of eating behavior, followed by restrained eating and emotional eating. Normal energy and fat intake were correlated with the external eating subscale of the DEBQ. Restrained eating was associated with the weight, BMI, fat mass, waist, and hip girth of the subjects. Compared to the Normal Day, they overate during the Holiday with different eating styles including 'restraint', 'disinhibition', and 'fluctuation'. Therefore, neither eating behaviors nor anthropometry was associated with food intake during the Holiday. Although eating behaviors and anthropometric measures were not different among eating style clusters, the food intakes of disinhibition cluster were higher than those of restraint cluster during all the study periods. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects can be classified with the restraint, disinhibition, and fluctuation clusters. However, eating behaviors and anthropometry were not different among three clusters.
Anthropometry ; Eating* ; Energy Intake ; Feeding Behavior ; Female* ; Hip ; Holidays* ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo investigate the status of dietary nutrition in kindergartens of Chongqing, China.

METHODSA total of 295 kindergartens (47 first-class ones, 88 second-class ones, and 160 third-class ones) from the 11 districts or counties of Chongqing by stratified cluster random sampling were investigated. The dietary nutrition in each kindergarten was evaluated by weighing. The dietary qualification rates were compared between the three classes of kindergartens.

RESULTSThe qualification rates of energy, proteins, most vitamins, minerals, and quality proteins supply were over 60% in all three classes of kindergartens, while the qualification rates of vitamin A, ascorbic acid, calcium, and zinc supply were less than 60%. The energy supply rates at breakfast, lunch, supper and snack met the standards in less than 40% in all kindergartens. There were significant differences in the qualification rates of some nutrient parameters between different classes of kindergartens, highest in the first-class kindergartens.

CONCLUSIONSThe dietary nutrition is good in the first-, second-, and third-class kindergartens of Chongqing, but there is still nutrient imbalance. It is necessary to strengthen the dietary guidance in kindergartens, especially second-, and third-class kindergartens.