Background: Reasonably and safe antibiotic uses not only benefit patients, but also limit the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Objectives: To total up all antibiotics and their brand names used at Viet Duc Hospital; To describe and preliminarily evaluate the uses of antibiotics according to Altemeier classification. Subjects and method: The cross-sectional study was caried out on all patients at 11 clinical departments, who were treated by antibotics. Review medical records for information of antibiotic use and some related factors (pre-operative and post-operative diagnoses, kind of operations, type of operation according to Altemeier classification). Results and Conclusion: There were 9 classes of antibiotics with 25 antibiotics and 31 bran names used in Viet Duc Hospital. Antibiotics of beta-lactam class and imidazol were most commonly used. The rate of antibiotic prophylaxis was low, although clean wounds have been used many strong antibiotics such as cephalosporin III. In infected wounds, combination of Cefotaxom + Flagyl was used more common, but it notes that the situation of production ESBLs by bacteria was rather high in hospital settings. Microbiological tests weren\u2019t applied widely for infected operations.
Drug Resistance ; Bacterial ;

252 pathogenic bacterial strains have been isolated in Friendship hospital in 1997. Almost strains (66%) are gram negative. The majority of bacteria that caused urinary tract infection are gram negative rods. Gram positive cocci are predominant in the strains isolated from pus, exudates. All strains are tested for antibiotic sensitivity. Enterobacteriaceae are still sensitive to the third generation of cephalosporin, morfloxacin, gentamyxin, netilmixin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa are only sensitive to Amikaxin. Staphylococcus aureus are resistant to oxacillin in high level (54.6%), but still susceptible to bactrim, gentamyxin, vancomyxin.
Bacterial Infections ; drug resistance

Aims: Bivalve molluscs are filter feeders that tend to accumulate and concentrate any suspended particles or bacteria from the water environment. Although they have been proven to accumulate heavy metals, investigation on the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is still lacking. Therefore, this study examines the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from bivalve shellfish, namely, blood cockles (Anadara granosa) and green-lipped mussel (Perna viridis) purchased from markets in Johor, Malaysia. Methodology and results: Samples purchased were homogenized and then diluted. Viable cell count and bacterial isolation were performed using diluted samples followed by an antibiotic susceptibility test (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline) conducted on the pure isolates. The total viable count of bacterial colonies for cockle and mussel samples ranged from 1.1 × 107 to 4.4 × 109 CFU/mL and 1.2 × 109 to 4.3 × 109 CFU/mL. The numbers of colonies isolated from respective bivalves were 11 and 6. Generally, cockles isolates revealed higher resistance towards all three antibiotics at or above the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) threshold value. Meanwhile, mussel isolates showed full susceptibility to any ciprofloxacin concentration and tetracycline but exhibited resistance to ampicillin at a concentration exceeding the CLSI value. The number of drug resistance isolates in cockle and mussel samples decreased with increasing antibiotic concentration. The maximum number of antibiotics the mussel isolates were resistant to was two, whereas cockle isolates achieved three. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The outcome of this study concludes that some isolates from cockle and mussel samples can resist antibiotic concentration above the CLSI threshold value. Resistance of more than the CLSI threshold level revealed that these isolates could pose significant health risks especially when the bivalves are ingested raw or undercooked.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Bivalvia

Aims: Antibiotics are widely used in poultry industry for treatment, control and in preventing the spread of infectious diseases among chicken flocks. The uncontrolled use of antibiotic causes the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria which is a major concern worldwide. The aim of this study is to isolate and molecularly identify antibiotic resistant bacteria using raw chicken meat samples from farm, supermarket, wet market as well as free-range chicken. Methodology and results: A total of 34 isolates were obtained through primary screening based on their ability to grow on streptomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin and cefazolin antibiotic plates. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test performed on the 34 isolates showed that they were highly resistant to oxacillin (97%) and penicillin (94%) followed by ampicillin (64%), cefazolin (50%), tetracycline (32%), erythromycin (24%), ciprofloxacin (21%) and least resistance towards gentamycin (6%). Eight isolates with the highest antibiotic resistance, were selected for molecular identification using 16S rDNA sequencing. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence using BLASTN and phylogenetic tree constructed on the selected isolates revealed that five different species of antibiotic resistant bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Chryseobacterium gleum, Comamonas testosteroni and Bacillus cereus were successfully identified from the different types of chicken sample. Conclusion, significance and impact of study The excessive use of antibiotic in the poultry farm industries had caused the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria which can harm the health of people consuming chicken meat. To overcome this crisis, antibiotic usage in the poultry farm industries should be regulated.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Poultry

A study was carried out in pediatric patients with severe and very severe pneumonia in the pediatric department of Bach Mai hospital during 8/1994 – 3/1998. The children were divided in to 2 groups: Group I: Pneumonia due to the antibiotic resistance microbial. Group II: Pneumonia due to the antibiotic sensitivity microbial, the body temperature, breathing rhythm and number of leukocyte in the peripheral blood patients received penicillin + gentamicin; cephalosporin; penicillin; and chlorainphenicol. The results have shown that after 3 – 5 days of treatment with penicillin + cephalosporine, the body temperature and breathing rhythm become the normal level, the number of leukocytes reduced 15%. In contrary, in patients received single penicillin or chloramphenicol, these parameters has not become to the normal level; the number of leukocyte reduced less than 15%.
Pneumonia ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Child

Investigation on 1245 patient with infectious uropathy, isolated 507 strains (40.79%). 77.98% of these strains were negative gram cocci, including E.coli (39.32%), P.aeruginosa (25.99%), Enterobacter (9.32%) and 22.12% were positive gram cocci, including S.saprophyticus (10.11%), S.aureus (6.94%). The bacteria have resistance to common antibiotics and some other are low sensitivity with cepalosporin III (Ceftriazone, Cefoperazone), ciprofloxacin.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; infection ; Bacteria

There were many risk factors of antibiotic resistance such as irrational use of antibiotics because of lacking the instruction of standard treatment that basing on the reliable researches on the antibiotic sensitivity tests, buying, selling and use of antibiotic without prescription and instruction of physicians... Almost of these risk factors found in Vietnam.
Drug Resistance ; Anti-Bacterial Agents

A prospective study on 80 patients over 60 years old who were diagnosed hospital pneumonia at Thong Nhat hospital from December 2003 to April 2005. Results: hospital pneumonia by multi-bacteria was 55%. The common bacteria were K.pneumonia (56.25%); P.aeruginosa (55.0%); Acinetobacter (18.75%) and S.aureus (15%). The resistance level of bacteria caused hospital pneumonia: P.aeruginosa resisted most of antibiotics except Imipenem and Timentin (recently used in hospitals) with sensitive rate of 66.13% and 65%, respectively. K.pneumonia was sensitive only with Imipenem at the rate of 96.55%, Amikacin 66.91%. S.aureus resisted penicilin and most of other antibiotics; it was sensitive only with vancomicin at the rate of 100%. In relapsing or unsuccessful patients, the resistance of bacteria was stronger than the first time isolation.
Pneumonia, Bacterial ; Drug Resistance ; Therapeutics

Aims: The contact lens (CL) has become one of the most convenience refractive devices used in vision correction, occupational and in cosmetics purposes. Despite the convenience of CL usage, poor hygiene might cause eye infections due to microbial contamination. In this work, a random collection of used CL cases among Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) students had shown the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria towards commonly used antibiotics to treat eye infections. Methodology and results: The study was carried out from 28 CL cases samples with the duration of one to three months of use. Bacteria that were successfully isolated from the CL cases were then exposed to the commonly prescribed antibiotics followed by identification through the partial 16S rDNA sequencing. Our finding exhibited that the rate of contamination is over 50% where 32 bacteria were isolated, with 20 (62.5%) of the isolates were Gram-positive bacteria. Approximately 31% of the isolated bacteria are resistant and intermediate resistant to the commonly used antibiotics to treat eye infection, especially erythromycin and chloramphenicol. The isolated bacteria were genotypic identified as Bacillus cereus, B. anthracis, Acinetobacter variabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens. These bacteria are known as a common cause for microbial keratitis, except for A. variabilis, where the association of this bacteria in causing microbial keratitis is relatively rare. Conclusion, significance and impact of study This study highlights the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that can cause severe eye infections among CL wearer. The high percentage of contamination (>50%) found from the isolates reflected on the lack of hygiene practice on the CL handling. Thus, it is crucial to perceive this study as microbial contamination will lead to more serious eye infection disease such as conjunctivitis and keratitis.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Contact Lenses

Aims: Due to the growing number of media reports claiming that books contain germs, it is crucial to look into the possibility that contagious diseases could spread through libraries. The aim of the study was to identify bacteria from various fomites in four Jordanian university libraries and to assess the antibacterial resistance pattern of isolates. Methodology and results: In this study, swab samples were taken from different fomites of four Jordanian university libraries. Samples were then cultivated on nutrient agar and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 48 h. To identify different types of isolated bacteria, biochemical and conventional biochemical tests were applied using the qualitative RapIDTM One System with the help of ERICTM software to identify the bacterial isolates at the species level. Identified bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus epidermis, S. aureus, Salmonella choleraesuis, Bacillus subtilis and Citrobacter freundii were isolated from different library fomites. Seventy-one bacterial isolates from University A were observed to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) (S. sonnei and S. choleraesuis). This MDR pattern is alarming as those isolates were found in a public environment and that imposes a direct threat on library users, staff and visitors. Conclusion, significance and impact of study University libraries' fomites carry live bacterial pathogens, which can contaminate users' hands and serve as an indirect route for spreading antibiotic resistance and microbial illnesses. While more research is required, considering hand hygiene improvement would be the simplest infection control technique at libraries. Additionally, proactive measures should be taken to track the prevalence of harmful microorganisms in these settings and their effects on employees' and the public's health.
Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Communicable Diseases