We performed Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test in pseudophakic eyes and phakic eyes to detect the abnormal color perception suggested in pseudophakic eyes compared with phakic eyes. But there were no significant differences in total error scores and mean error scores at four individual boxes between two groups. The results suggest that there were no differences in color perception between pseudophakic and phakic eyes by Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test.
Color Perception

124 cases with congenital red-green color defects were examined using hahn`s color vision test, double 15 hue test, and Nagel`s anomaloscope. In the Neitz anomaloscope test, 5 cases(4%) showed protanomaly, 1 case(1%) extreme protanomaly, 16 cases (13%) protanopia, 45 cases(36%) deuteranomaly, 52 cases(42%) deuteranopia, and 5 cases (4%) normal state. 5 cases(4%) of protan was classified by degree of color defects, 1 case with mild defect, 1 case with moderate defect, and 3 cases with severe defect by the Hahn`s color vision test. 14 cases (10.4%) of deutan eye the following:5 cases in mild, 6 cases in noderate, and 3 cases in severe defect. 105 cases (85.6%) were the unclassified type. In comparision with Hahn`s color vision test and anomaloscope, the concordance rate was 57.1%(8/14) in only mild and severe color defect of deutan. In the Double 15 hue test, 29 cases (23%) showed in 60.9%(25/41) in deutan. By the degree of color defect, 6 cases showed medium response, 23 cases strong response in protan. 4 cases showed medium, 37 cases strong response in deutan. The concordance rates are 57%(13/23) in protan and 68%(25/37) in deutan in strong response. We conclude that Neitz anomaloscope test is better method than Hahn`s color vision test and double 15 hue test in qualitative and qualntitative dignosis of cogenital red-green color defects.
Color Perception Tests* ; Color Perception* ; Color Vision

Cerebral achromatopsia, which refers to a loss of color vision, is a rare complication of posterior circulation stroke. We report two patients who presented with achromatopsia and dyschromatopsia (incomplete form of achromatopsia) respectively after acute posterior cerebral artery infarction. Lingual and fusiform gyri within the occipito-temporal area are known to be responsible for color perception.
Color Perception ; Color Vision ; Color Vision Defects ; Humans ; Infarction, Posterior Cerebral Artery ; Posterior Cerebral Artery ; Stroke

PURPOSE: This study aimed to quantify the shift of colorimetric values in the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic test with aging of the plates. METHODS: Three sets of Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates with different published dates (printed in 1971, 1983 and 2001) were tested. Positions matching 32 dots with 13 colors were chosen from each set and the colorimetric values with the CIELAB and HSB/HLS color systems were measured with a spectrophotometer. Lightness (L*), red-green (a*), blue-yellow (b*), chroma, red hue, yellow hue, and green hue values from each set were compared. RESULTS: L* and chroma values were significantly higher in the older versions. The a* values shifted to red (increased a*) and the b* values shifted to yellow (increased b*) with plate aging. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the pseudoisochromatic plates had significant changes in color values and a directional shift with aging.
Color ; *Color Perception ; Color Vision Defects/*diagnosis ; *Colorimetry ; Humans ; Spectrophotometry ; Time Factors ; Vision Tests/*instrumentation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the optical properties of pre-colored dental monolithic zirconia ceramics of various thicknesses sintered in a microwave and those in a conventional furnace. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A2-shade of pre-colored monolithic zirconia ceramic specimens (22.0 mm × 22.0 mm) in 3 thickness groups of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm were divided into 2 subgroups according to the sintering methods (n=9): microwave and conventional sintering. A spectrophotometer was used to obtain CIELab color coordinates, and translucency parameters and CIEDE2000 color differences (ΔE 00) were measured. The relative amount of monoclinic phase (X(m)) was estimated with x-ray diffraction. The surface topography was analyzed by atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope. Statistical analyses were conducted with two-way ANOVA (α=.05). RESULTS: There were small interaction effects on CIE L*, a*, and TP between sintering method and thickness (P<.001): L* (partial eta squared η(p)²=0.115), a* (η(p)²=0.136), and TP (η(p)²=0.206), although higher b* values were noted for microwave sintering regardless of thickness. Color differences between two sintering methods ranged from 0.52 to 0.96 ΔE(00) units. The X(m) values ranged from 7.03% to 9.89% for conventional sintering, and from 7.31% to 9.17% for microwave sintering. The microwave-sintered specimen demonstrated a smoother surface and a more uniform grain structure compared to the conventionally-sintered specimen. CONCLUSION: With reduced processing time, microwave-sintered pre-colored dental monolithic zirconia ceramics can exhibit similar color perception and translucency to those by conventional sintering.
Ceramics* ; Clothing ; Color Perception ; Methods ; Microwaves* ; Spectrophotometry ; X-Ray Diffraction

In order to investigate the effect of head mounted display (HMD) on the human eye, the authors performed ophthalmologic examination on normal persons, dry eye patients and strabismus patients before and after use of Glastron, i-glasses, LGHMD(PT),LGHMD10 for two hours once or for five consecutive days, respectively. There were no substantial changes in visual acuity, color vision, intraocu-lar pressure, and tear secretion before and after use of HMD. There were transient changes in terms of corneal curvature, refraction, stereopsis, the angle of strabismus, and accommodation. There existed no difference according to the kinds of HMD. In conclusion, there was no permanent ocular changes with use of four kinds of HMD for two hours once or for five consecutive days.
Color Vision ; Depth Perception ; Head* ; Humans* ; Strabismus ; Tears ; Visual Acuity

Exposure to a high altitude hypoxia environment has significant negative effects on human central nervous system. Many previous studies have explored the influence of the high altitude environment on human color perception in a simulated high altitude environment or in an environment acutely exposed to high altitude, but little has been done in migrators and natives exposed to high altitude and low oxygen for a long period of time. In this study, the minimal-change method was used to examine whether the color perception of red, green, blue and yellow was affected by the high altitude in 30 plain residents, 30 Han migrators who have lived in the high altitude for 2 years, and 28 high-altitude-adapted Tibetan natives. The results showed that long-term high altitude exposure had the most significant effect on the blue and red color perception in the natives and the migrators, with the effect on the blue color being significantly greater than that on the red color. However, the effects on green color processing only happened to the natives. The results suggest that there is an internal correlation between blood supply and selectivity changes of visual color processing caused by exposure to the plateau environment.
Altitude ; China ; Color Perception ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; Oxygen ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo explore the relationship between the spectrophotometric and visual methods in evaluating the color stability of denture base resin, and determine the threshold color difference of denture base resin in the spectrophotometric method.

METHODSTwo kinds of denture base resin were respectively fabricated into 33 specimens whose color differences varied from indistinguishable to obvious. Each of the specimens was assessed respectively by 30 human observers and a SP62 spectrophotometer. The results of visual assement were recorded as "indistinguishable change", "light change" or "severe change", while the spectrophotometric color differences (ΔE) were calculated. In each group, a logistic curve was explored to determine the relationship between the color difference (ΔE) and the ratio of "severe change".

RESULTSThe R squares of logistic curves were 0.93 and 0.94 respectively. The threshold color differences in the spectrophotometric method were 2.87 and 2.82 respectively.

CONCLUSIONSA high relevance between the spectrophotometric and visual methods in evaluating the color stability of denture base resin was found. The threshold color differences for different color denture base resins were similar.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of color pattern reversal visual evoked potential (CPR-VEP)of primary glaucoma using different temporal frequencies, and to search for the best temporal frequency parameters and color parameters. METHODS: Vision Monitor visual electrophysiograph (Métrovision, France) was used to record CPR-VEP at different temporal frequencies (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 Hz) and different color stimulations (black/white, red/green, blue/yellow) in 41 cases (70 eyes) with primary glaucoma (glaucoma group) and 13 normal subjects (26 eyes) (normal control group). P100 wave amplitudes were compared. RESULTS: (1) In the normal control group, P100 amplitudes declined while the temporal frequency of black/white stimulation was increasing, but they had peaks at 2 Hz and 8 Hz red/green stimulation and blue/yellow stimulation. (2) In the glaucoma group, CPR-VEP P100 declined while temporal frequency was increasing under 3 color stimulations, but had a peak at 8 Hz. At 2 Hz-16 Hz, P100 amplitudes were related with the mean defect of Humphrey visual field, especially with all 3 color stimulations at 8 Hz and with blue/yellow stimulation at 2 Hz and 16 Hz. (3) P100 amplitude was most different under the 3 color stimulations between the 2 groups at 8 Hz. CONCLUSION The changes of CPR-VEP P(100) amplitude can objectively reflect the glaucoma visual function damage. CPR-VEP P100 amplitude has certain value in studying glaucoma under different color stimulations (black/white, red/green, blue/yellow) at 8 Hz, and blue/yellow stimulation at 2 Hz and 16 Hz.
Adult ; Aged ; Color Perception ; physiology ; Color Perception Tests ; methods ; Evoked Potentials, Visual ; physiology ; Female ; Glaucoma ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

Three hundred patients who have congenital colour vision deficiencies were examined at the author's eye clinic for 3 years (1987-1990) using 5 types of colour vision tests: Hahn's, TMC's, Okuma's (new), H-R-R's colour vision tests and Double 15 Hue Test (Hahn). The results obtained from each test were quite different in type and grade, and the summarized results were considered to be the best: Type: protan 23.3%, deutan 76.0%, unclassified 0.7% Grade: mild 20.3%, medium 25.3%, strong 54.4% The frequency of coincidence both in type and grade between the summarized results and those of each test were compared, and the highest was 62.3% in Double 15 Hue Test. The efficiency of the author's colour vision test and Double 15 Hue Test were evaluated with the data in this clinical trial, and they were found to be useful for classifying the type and estimating the grade of the congenital and also acquired colour vision deficiencies.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Color Perception Tests ; Color Vision Defects/*congenital/diagnosis ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged