Key Findings There is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of HCQ or CQ for the treatment of COVID-19. Results from interim analyses of 2 large RCTs, the Recovery and the Solidarity trials, reportedly showed no clinical benefit from HCQ for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. There are 3 randomized controlled trials that investigated the efficacy and safety of HCQ compared to standard therapy. Overall quality of evidence was very low. Meta-analyses from the “COVID-19 Living Data” project suggests that the use of HCQ may increase the incidence of adverse events at day 14 to day 28 (RR 2.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.04 to 5.98, moderate quality of evidence); the most common adverse event across the two trials is diarrhea (n=8). In a statement dated June 5, 2020, the investigators of the Recovery trial announced their decision to halt further enrollment to the HCQ arm of the trial because an interim analysis showed no clinical benefit from the use of HCQ in hospitalized patients with COVID. On June 15, 2020, the US FDA revoked the emergency use authorization for HCQ and CQ as treatment for COVID-19. On June 18, 2020, the WHO announced that recruitment to the HCQ arm of the Solidarity trial has been halted.
Chloroquine ; Hydroxychloroquine ; COVID-19

Animals ; Chloroquine/pharmacology* ; Longevity ; Rats

No abstract available.
Chloroquine* ; Edetic Acid* ; Glycine* ; Immunoglobulin G*

The changes of susceptibility to chloroquine associated with mutations at 76 point of transporter membrane gene (P.fcrt) and at 86 point of multi-drug resistant 1 gene (P.fmdr-1) of P.falciparum were investigated by nested PCR. Analysis of 113 P.falciparum blood samples collected from the malaria patients in the Farm No11 of Phu Rieng Rubber Company in Binh Phuoc province in October 2002. The results showed that: at76 point of P.fcrt gene, 58 samples (51%) were wild type, 24 samples (21%) were mutated type and 31 samples (28%) were mixture of wild and mutated type. At 86 point of P.fmdr-1 gene, 3 samples of mixed wild and mutated type (2.7%), 110 samples of wild type (97.3%) and non of mutated type samples
malaria ; malaria, falciparum ; Chloroquine ; diagnosis ; mutation ; genes

In 1998-2002 year period, those studies were developed in LaoCai, LaiChau, QuangTri, Daklak, GiaLai and KonTum. Malarial patients with P. falciparum without complication were administered orally by a total dose of Chloroquine 25mg/kg in 3 day treating course or an unique dose of sulfadoxin-pyrimethamin.The use of medicines was observed and the parasitic density was monitored within 28 days after the treatment. Results showed the failure rate at almost studied locations
Malaria ; Therapeutics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Malaria, Falciparum ; Drug Resistance ; Chloroquine ; Pyrimethamine

The efficacy of chloroquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine given combined with artesunate was assessed in Vietnamese patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria from 2 Southern provinces, where there was in vitro evidence that the sensitivity of the parasite to conventional antimalarial therapies had returned in the absence of drug pressure, from October to December of 2000. In Dak Lak province, 57 patients (mean age 9.6 years) were randomized to artesunate-chloroquine (group 1) or artesunate-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (group 2). In Binh Phuoc province, 66 patients, who have just migrated in period of 1-7 years (mean age 24.2 years) were assessed with the 2 regimens. The results of 28 days in vivo response were over 96% and lower 52% of Dak Lak and Binh Phuoc respectively. PCR evidence of cure closely paralleled the in vivo results. The successful reintroduction of chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as artemisinin partner drugs depends heavily on epidemiological and parasite factors
malaria ; Malaria, Falciparum ; Therapeutics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; artesunate ; Chloroquine ; Pyrimethamine

Plasmodium vivax has many stages in the life cycle, and shows different susceptibilities to anti-malarial drugs at each stage. Of these drugs, primaquine is only drug that has anti-malarial activity to hypnozoite. Generally, primaquine is administered for the prevention of relapse by hypnozoite following the treatment with chloroquine in tertian malaria, at the dosage of 15mg/ day for 14 days. But Plasmodium vivax has different susceptibility to primaquine in different areas (so as to strains), and the resistance to primaquine is increasing in endemic areas. We recently experienced a case of imported tertian malaria that relapsed two times after the completions of chloroquine-primaquine therapy. The patient was treated with 22.5 mg of primaquine for 2 weeks at the first relapse, and 3 weeks course of 30 mg of primaquine in the second relapsing episode. Therefore we report this primaquine-resistant tertian malaria with review.
Chloroquine ; Humans ; Life Cycle Stages ; Malaria* ; Plasmodium vivax ; Primaquine ; Recurrence

We describe herein four cases of childhood dermatomysitis of Brunsting type. The ages of these patients were between 7 to 10 years at the time of the disease. All four patients had pathognomOnic cutaneous changes, such as heliotrope erythema and Gottron's papules, which are not seen frequently in adult type dermatomyositis. These patients did not show any marked serologic abnormalities suggestive of having other connective tissue diseases or autoimmune diseases. All patients were initially treated with prednisolone and chloroquine, and have been under control with low dose prednisolone, or chloroquine alone.
Autoimmune Diseases ; Chloroquine ; Connective Tissue Diseases ; Dermatomyositis* ; Erythema ; Humans ; Prednisolone

Porphyria cutanea tarda(PCT) is a photocutaneous disorder due to excessive porphyrins in the skin. We experienced 4 male patients who showed typical clinical manifestations. Histologic findings revealed subepidermal bullae with festooned derrnal papi11ae, and typical porphyrin excretion pattern of PCT was detected. One case had on 500mg daily of chloroquine with r.linical and biochemical improvement 4 months later without any adverse effects. Other 2 cases had on 125mg of chloroquine twice a week and the other one had perforrned phlebotomy.
Chloroquine ; Humans ; Male ; Phlebotomy ; Porphyria Cutanea Tarda* ; Porphyrias* ; Porphyrins ; Skin

Malaria is a disease which is still endemic and has become a disastrous scourge because of the emergence of antimalarial drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum. A new approach in addressing this is in developing a combination drug. This study is to show the enhancement of antimalarial properties, when single compound, goniothalamin combine with standard drug, chloroquine. Based on 4 Day Test, percentage of parasite growth on treated infected mice were determined. Oral treatment with 1 mg/kg BW of chloroquine on experimental mice suppressed 70% and 76.7% of both Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei, respectively. The infection of P. berghei in mice was inhibited less than 50% by goniothalamin individual treatment at all doses in this study. About 27.8% and 18.5% inhibition of infection were observed in P. yoelii infected mice treated with 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg of goniothalamin respectively and the suppression exceed more than 50% at higher doses (90 and 120 mg/kg). Combination of 1 mg/kg chloroquine with either 30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg of goniothalamin decreased the parasitemia of P. yoelii infected mice more than 90% and prolong the survival up to 100% after treatment. Similar treatment to P. berghei infected mice only shows about 60% reduction of parasitemia. The study findings showed that antimalarial property of goniothalamin was enhanced by combination with chloroquine at lower dose of each drug.
Laboratory mice ; Chloroquine ; goniothalamin ; upper case pea ; therapeutic aspects