PURPOSE: This study was a systematic review and meta-analysis designed to evaluate the effects of breastfeeding intervention on breastfeeding rates. METHODS: Based on the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search was conducted using eight core electronic databases and other sources including gray literature from January 9 to 19, 2017. Two reviewers independently select the studies and assessed methodological risk of bias of studies using the Cochrane criteria. The topics of breastfeeding interventions were analyzed using descriptive analysis and the effects of intervention were meta-analyzed using the Review Manager 5.2 software. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies were included in the review and 15 were included for meta-analysis. The most frequently used intervention topics were the importance of good latch-on and frequency of feeding and determining adequate intake followed. The pooled total effect of breastfeeding intervention was 1.08 (95% CI 1.03~1.13). In the subgroup analysis, neither pre-nor post-childbirth intervention was effective on the breastfeeding rates at 1, 3, and 6 months, and neither group nor individual interventions had an effect. Only the 1 month breastfeeding rate was found to be affected by the individual intervention with the persistent strategies 1.21 (95% CI 1.04~1.40). CONCLUSION: Effective breastfeeding interventions are needed to help the mother to start breastfeeding after childbirth and continue for at least six months. It should be programmed such that individuals can acquire information and specific breastfeeding skills. After returning home, there should be continuous support strategies for breastfeeding as well as managing various difficulties related to childcare.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Breast Feeding* ; Humans ; Mothers ; Parturition ; Postpartum Period*

OBJECTIVEThe study was to describe the breastfeeding status of children under the age of three in counties of western China and to provide evidence to the government for decision-making on intervention.

METHODSA cross-sectional study with probability-proportional-to-size (PPS) sampling method was used. The information on breastfeeding was obtained through memory of the mothers. Fourteen thousand and seventy-seven children were studied. Data on breastfed status in counties of western China was compared with those of the children from the survey of the counties of western China in 2001.

RESULTSThe breastfeeding rate of children under 3 years old in western China was 96.5%. However, the overall breastfed rate of children under 6 months were only 33.4%, with rates of 11.4% and 22.0% on exclusively and predominantly breastfed groups respectively. Timely first-suckling rate was 43.5% with the continued breastfeeding rate (1 year) as 64.9%, but the continued breastfeeding rate (2 year) was only 9.7%. Reasons causing mothers to wean would include according to her own intention and to be able to attend the physical labor while exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months was for the growth and development of children, which might reduce the two-week prevalence of diarrhea. Major risks of exclusive breastfeeding of children under 6 months were seen as: level of education of the mothers, economic depression of the counties and mother's nationality (if as minority).

CONCLUSIONMost of the children were ever or being breastfed at the time of interview with timely first-suckling took place earlier than in 2001. However continued breastfeeding did not last long. During these five years, the exclusive breastfeeding rate had been at low level, especially at the economic depression and the minority area.

Breast Feeding ; epidemiology ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Weaning

As part of a survey of 600 women enrolled in a study of postpartum progesterone-only contraception (400 women who opted to use progesterone-only contraception and 200 controls) participants were asked about menstrual history and lactation experience. The mean longest menstrual cycle duration was found to be 29.5+/-SD3.5 days and the mean shortest cycle duration was 26.6+/-SD2.8 days. The mean duration of menstrual bleeding was 3.75+/-SD1.16 days. Few women reported menstrual period problems such as dysmenorrhoea (6.5%) and menorrhagia with clots (0.7%). However, 3% of the women reported irregular cycles with intervals of longer than 1 month. Overall the women reported breastfeeding their previous baby for a mean duration of 14 months. The group of women electing to use hormonal contraception reported that they had breastfed their last baby for 13.5+/-SD7.5 months while control women had done so for 14.1+/-SD9.4 months. The longest mean duration that women reported to have breastfed a previous infant was 19.5+/-SD9.6 months in the hormonal contraception group and 19.1+/-SD8.6 months in the control group.
Adult ; Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Lactation - physiology ; Menstruation - physiology ; Papua New Guinea - epidemiology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the significance of variables such as saliva mutans streptococci, oral hygiene, dietary habits, oral hygiene habits and socio-economic status in assessing the level of caries risk for preschool children.

METHODSThe case-control study was used. Among 1018 children at the age of 4 and 5, 204 children with dmft > or = 6 were included in caries group and 237 children in caries free group. Saliva mutans streptococci, saliva flow rate and buffer capacity, and debris index were tested for all children. Their mothers finished the standardized questionnaire for information about dietary and oral hygiene habits of the children, breast and bottle feeding history and socio-economic status.

RESULTSLogistic regression analysis showed that the saliva mutans streptococci (OR = 3.019), debris index (OR = 2.263), frequency of consumption of snacks and sweets (OR = 1.729), frequency of intake of soft drinks (OR = 1.496) and use of sweetened food in nursing bottle (OR = 2.255) were significant factors.

CONCLUSIONSHigh level of saliva mutans streptococci, bad oral hygiene, frequent intake of sweet food, and sugar contents in nursing bottle were the important risk factors for dental caries on primary teeth.

Breast Feeding ; Case-Control Studies ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; DMF Index ; Dental Caries ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Saliva ; microbiology ; Streptococcus mutans ; Tooth, Deciduous

OBJECTIVETo explore the risk factors of breast cancer for better control and prevention of the malignancy.

METHODSThe clinical data of 232 patients with pathologically established breast cancer were investigated in this 1:1 case-control study to identify the risk factors of breast cancer.

RESULTSThe history of benign breast diseases, family history of carcinoma and multiple abortions were the statistically significant risk factors of breast cancer, while breast feeding was the protective factor.

CONCLUSIONA history of benign breast diseases, family history of carcinoma and multiple abortions are all risk factors of breast cancer.

Abortion, Habitual ; Adult ; Aged ; Breast Diseases ; complications ; Breast Feeding ; Breast Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Carcinoma ; complications ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of breastfeeding on asthma and asthma related symptoms among children.

METHODSUsing a cluster random sampling method, 2 elementary schools and 1 kindergarten were randomly selected from each of the 5 districts of Shenyang, and a total of 10 elementary schools and 5 kindergartens were included, and 8733 children from the selected schools were recruited in this survey. The information about the type of feeding, living environment and respiratory diseases of the selected children from the time they were born was collected by an international standard questionnaire. Evaluating the effect of breastfeeding on asthma and asthma related symptoms (asthma, current asthma, current wheeze, persistent cough, persistent phlegm, and allergic rhinitis) by χ² test and logistic regression.

RESULTSThere were 8733 children involved in this study. The age was (8.00 ± 2.88) years old. There were 6830 breastfed children. The percentage of breastfed children was 78.21%. In breastfed children, the prevalence of asthma, persistent phlegm and allergic rhinitis were 6.12% (418/6830), 3.97% (271/6830), 4.17% (285/6830), respectively. In non-breastfed children, the prevalence of asthma, persistent phlegm and allergic rhinitis were 7.41% (141/1903), 6.04% (115/1903), 5.89% (112/1903), respectively. Compared to the non-breastfed children, the breastfed children had significantly lower prevalence (all P values < 0.05). After adjustment for 302 cases of atopy history of children's mother, the results showed that in breastfed children, the prevalence of asthma, persistent phlegm and allergic rhinitis were 14.69% (36/245), 4.08% (10/245), 7.35% (18/245), respectively. In non-breastfed children, the prevalence of asthma, persistent phlegm and allergic rhinitis were 33.33% (19/57), 14.04% (8/57), 17.54% (10/57), respectively. The breastfed children had statistically lower prevalence (all P values < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that breastfeeding was significantly associated with lower prevalence of asthma (OR = 0.78, 95%CI: 0.64 - 0.96), allergic rhinitis (OR = 0.72, 95%CI: 0.57 - 0.90), persistent cough (OR = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.69 - 0.96) and persistent expectoration (OR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.48 - 0.76).

CONCLUSIONBreastfed children had lower prevalence of asthma and asthma related symptoms compared with non-breastfed children.

Asthma ; epidemiology ; Breast Feeding ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

INTRODUCTIONThis study records the prevalence and patterns of breastfeeding in Singaporean Chinese mothers who gave birth between 2000 and 2008.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive Error in Singaporean Children (STARS) study is a population-based survey conducted in South-Western Singapore. Disproportionate random sampling by 6-month age groups of Chinese children born from 2000 to 2008 was performed. The mothers (n = 3009) completed a standard questionnaire which recorded the initiation, content, method and duration of breastfeeding. World Health Organization (WHO) definitions for feeding content were used: Replacement (exclusive commercial formula or any liquid or solid/semi-solid food, excluding breast milk), Complementary (breast milk, solid/semi-solid foods, and any non-human liquid), and Exclusive (breast milk only, without additional food, drink or water). STARS-specific definitions for feeding method were used: Expressed (breast milk only fed via bottle, with no additional food or non-human liquid), Combination (breast milk and non-breast milk, fed via bottle and breast), and Direct (breast milk only fed via breast).

RESULTSBreastfeeding initiation (overall prevalence 77.0%) and duration increased over time, and were independently associated with higher maternal education: in 2000 and 2001, 68.6% of mothers initiated breastfeeding and 12.9% breast fed for or=6 months, vs 90.9% and 35.3%, respectively, of university-educated women (P <0.001). Expressed, Combination and Complementary feeding also increased, while Replacement feeding decreased (P <0.001). There was no difference in breastfeeding patterns by the child's gender.

CONCLUSIONSIn a population-based sample of Singaporean Chinese mothers giving birth from 2000 to 2008, breastfeeding initiation and duration increased over time and were independently associated with higher maternal education. This increase was associated with increased milk expression and complementary feeding. Thus awareness of breastfeeding benefits is rising in Singapore, but future health policies may need to target less-educated mothers.

Breast Feeding ; epidemiology ; ethnology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; ethnology ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mothers ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence rate of infectious diseases during hospitalization in late preterm infants in Beijing, China, as well as the risk factors for infectious diseases and the effect of breastfeeding on the development of infectious diseases. METHODS: Related data were collected from the late preterm infants who were hospitalized in the neonatal wards of 25 hospitals in Beijing, China, from October 23, 2015 to October 30, 2017. According to the feeding pattern, they were divided into a breastfeeding group and a formula feeding group. The two groups were compared in terms of general status and incidence rate of infectious diseases. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for infectious diseases. RESULTS: A total of 1 576 late preterm infants were enrolled, with 153 infants in the breastfeeding group and 1 423 in the formula feeding group. Of all infants, 484 (30.71%) experienced infectious diseases. The breastfeeding group had a significantly lower incidence rate of infectious diseases than the formula feeding group (22.88% vs 31.55%, CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding can significantly reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and is a protective factor against infectious diseases in late preterm infants. Breastfeeding should therefore be actively promoted for late preterm infants during hospitalization.
Beijing/epidemiology* ; Breast Feeding ; China/epidemiology* ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology* ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Male ; Pregnancy

OBJECT: More than 75% of women have been reported to experience premenstrual symptoms and three to eight percent of them suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder(PMDD). But little is known about prevalence of premenstrual syndrome(PMS) and PMDD among Korean women. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PMDD and PMS in Korean women who attended universities at the time of survey. METHODS: One thousand four hundred and nineteen subjects were randomly selected with cluster sampling method among four women's university in Seoul. We measured the severity of premenstrual symptoms using six-point rating scale developed by the authors on the basis of the research criteria for PMDD in DSM-IV. Premenstrual worsening of symptoms was defined as increase in symptom scores of more than 75% from follicular to luteal phase score. And also, we compared characteristic symptoms, eating behaviors, and functional impairments between PMS and PMDD. RESULT: After excluding inadequate data according to our exclusion criteria, 873 of 1419 subjects(61.5%) were included in the estimation of the prevalence of PMS and PMDD. Each prevalence rate of PMS and PMDD was found to be 83.3% and 5.0% on the basis of 75% change method respectively. The most frequent symptom was physical symptoms such as headache or breast tenderness(56.4%) in PMS and 'felt irritable'(95.5%) in PMDD. Of the 44 subjects with PMDD, 39(88.6%) reported to have experienced the impairment in work or school at least once per month because of premenstrual symptoms. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that prevalence and symptoms of PMDD in Korean university women are similar to those in western culture. The finding that mood symptoms were more frequent and severe in PMDD than in PMS implies that the former may be a disordered condition to be distinguished from the latter physiologic one.
Breast ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Epidemiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Luteal Phase ; Premenstrual Syndrome ; Prevalence* ; Seoul

OBJECTIVETo comprehensively analyse and evaluate the risk factors and to predict the trend of breast cancer in China.

METHODSCollecting the articles on case-control studies related to breast cancer in the last 10 years in China. Calculating the relative risk (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of risk factors by the random effect model of Meta-analysis to estimate present and future population attributable risk percent (PARP) based on the exposure rate of risk factor and to predict the change of incidence rates of breast cancer during the following 5 years with the change of exposure rates.

RESULTSTwenty-two articles referred to case-control studies on breast cancer were selected. The OR and its 95%CI of the first 5 risk factors of breast cancer in China were benign breast lesion 3.39 (2.97 - 3.86), psychological stimulation 2.36 (2.09 - 2.67), breast-feeding 1.95 (1.54 - 2.47), family history of tumor 1.84 (1.63 - 2.08) and menstruation 1.65 (1.44 - 1.89). The factors with higher PRAP were benign breast lesion, breast-feeding, psychological stimulation with PRAR 15.47%, 15.17%, 13.76%, respectively. Their PRAP would have decreased to 12.77%, 11.32%, 12.52% and 9.90%, 8.74%, 9.69% respectively if the exposure rates had decreased 20% and 40% in the next 5 or 10 years. Factors contributing to the change of incidence rate of breast cancer would include benign breast lesion, breast-feeding, psychological stimulation along with the change of exposure rate. The incidence rates of breast cancer would then have become 3.09%, 2.75%, 3.03% and 6.19%, 5.50%, 6.07% respectively if their exposure rate had decreased 20% and 40% in the next 5 or 10 years.

CONCLUSIONDecreasing benign breast lesion, avoiding psychological stimulation, advocating on breast-feeding seemed to be the effective measures to control the occurrence and development of breast cancer.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Body Weight ; Breast Diseases ; complications ; Breast Feeding ; Breast Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; etiology ; genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Risk Factors ; Stress, Psychological ; complications